How to Add Curb Appeal on a Budget in National City

How to Add Curb Appeal on a Budget in National City

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Thrifty Landscaping Ideas to Boost Curb Appeal


Thrifty Landscaping Ideas to Boost Curb Appeal


Oh, lets face it! The Best Landscape Materials for National City Gardens . In todays world, everyones looking for a way to add a little pizzazz to their homes without breaking the bank. Now, Im not saying youve got to spend a fortune. No, not at all. You can do it on a budget in National City, and heres how.


First off, try adding a splash of color to your front yard. Planting a few colorful flowers or shrubs (even if theyre just small ones) can make a huge difference. And the best part? Most of these plants are quite inexpensive, and they dont require a ton of maintenance. Oh, and dont forget to add mulch to your flower beds. It not only helps keep the weeds at bay, but it also adds a nice, finished look to your yard.




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Now, lets not forget about the walkway. A well-maintained, clean walkway is an absolute must. Consider adding some stepping stones or gravel to create a path. Its a low-cost solution, and it adds an attractive feature to your yard.


Another idea? Try sprucing up your mailbox. Its often the first thing people see when they drive by your house. You dont need a fancy, expensive mailbox. Simply give your existing one a fresh coat of paint, and perhaps add some flowers around it. Trust me, itll catch peoples attention!


And what about your porch? If its looking a bit drab, dont despair. A small, budget-friendly update like a new welcome mat, or some potted plants can instantly make it look more inviting.


Lastly, consider adding some outdoor lighting. It doesnt have to be anything fancy. Simple solar-powered lights along your walkway or flower beds can create a warm, welcoming glow at night.


So, there you have it! A handful of thrifty landscaping ideas to boost your curb appeal. And the best part is, you can do it all on a budget! Remember, its not about how much money you spend, but how you use what youve got. Its amazing what a little creativity and elbow grease can do.

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So, dont wait! Get out there and start transforming your yard today!

Affordable Exterior Paint Jobs for a Fresh Look


Enhancing the curb appeal of your home doesnt have to cost you a fortune! In the city of National City, therere a variety of budget-friendly techniques which can freshen up your homes exterior and create an impressive first impression. One of the most effective and affordable ways is to give your home a new paint job.


Now, you may be thinking, "Isnt a professional paint job expensive?" Well, it doesnt have to be. Therere many local businesses that offer affordable exterior paint jobs that are of superb quality. Plus, a fresh coat of paint can make an enormous difference to the look and feel of your home, making the investment worth every penny.


When choosing a color for your new paint job, its important to consider the architectural style of your home, the surrounding landscape, and even the colors of your neighbors homes. You wouldnt want your home to stick out like a sore thumb, right? (Unless thats your thing, in which case, go for it!)


In addition, consider using a color that is not too bright or too dull. A too bright color will make your house stand out in a negative way, while a too dull color will make it seem uninteresting.


But remember, a paint job isnt just about color. Its also about quality. You dont want a paint job thatll peel off after a few months. Thats why its important to choose a reputable professional wholl do a good job. And yes, you can find quality and affordability in the same package!


There are many professionals in National City who offer affordable exterior paint jobs. They have a range of services that cater to different budgets. So, you dont have to spend a fortune to give your home a fresh look.


In conclusion, dont let the idea of a pricey paint job deter you from enhancing the curb appeal of your home. With a little research and some smart choices, you can get an affordable exterior paint job that gives your home a fresh, new look. So, get out there and start planning your homes makeover today! Oh, and remember, the goal is to add appeal not subtract it!


Enjoy the process, National City! After all, theres nothing quite like seeing your home transform right before your eyes.

DIY Projects for Enhancing National City Homes Curb Appeal


Enhancing your homes curb appeal in National City dont have to be an expensive affair! Theres a multitude of DIY projects that can bring a fresh, attractive look to your home, all without breaking the bank.

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First off, lets start with a simple, yet effective, DIY project - painting your front door. A brightly colored front door (think red, blue, or yellow) can make a world of difference. Its a simple project that wont cost you much, yet it adds a pop of color thats sure to catch the eye!


Next up, consider sprucing up your landscaping. You dont need to hire a professional landscaper for this. A bit of mulch, a few colorful flowers, and some neatly trimmed shrubs can go a long way. This DIY project might require a bit more effort (and maybe a touch of green thumb), but the results are well worth it.


Another easy project for enhancing curb appeal is to upgrade your mailbox. You might think, "A mailbox? Really?"

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But, its these small details that can make a big difference. A nice, new mailbox can add a touch of class to your homes exterior.


And dont forget about outdoor lighting. Its not just for safety and security. A well-lit home is a welcoming home. Solar-powered lights are an affordable option. You can place them along your walkway or around your garden for an enchanting effect.


Remember, enhancing your homes curb appeal dont mean you have to spend a fortune. With a bit of creativity, some elbow grease, and these handy DIY projects, you can transform your homes exterior from drab to fab!


And, before I forget, if youre not a fan of DIY projects or just dont have the time, you can always hire a professional. But, wheres the fun in that? Plus, youll miss out on the satisfaction of seeing the fruits of your labor. So, roll up your sleeves and get to work!


Oh, and one more thing! Always remember to keep your neighborhoods aesthetic in mind. You dont want your home to stick out like a sore thumb, right?


Happy DIY-ing!

Cost-Effective Lighting Options to Highlight Your Homes Best Features


As we all know, adding curb appeal to your home doesnt necessarily mean youve got to break the bank! Theres a myriad of cost-effective options out there that can highlight your homes best features without putting a dent in your wallet, particularly when it comes to lighting.


In National City, for example, many homeowners have started to invest in solar-powered lights. These are not just energy-efficient but also environmentally friendly. Theyre also easy to install (you can do it yourself!), and they can dramatically transform your homes exterior look.


But hold on, you might say, "Solar lights are expensive, arent they?" Well, not necessarily. While the initial cost may be higher than traditional lighting options, youd be saving a lot in the long run because, well, the sun is free! Plus, many stores in National City offer affordable solar lights, so its worth looking into.


Another great option is LED lights. Theyre energy efficient and long-lasting, which means theyll save you a lot in terms of electricity bills and replacement costs. You could use them to highlight your homes architectural features or to create a warm, inviting ambiance in your front yard.


Then theres the option of motion-sensor lights. These are perfect for those areas that dont need to be lit all the time, like the driveway or the front porch. They only turn on when they detect movement, meaning they wont waste energy when theyre not needed.


Something else to consider is using lights with timers. Much like motion-sensor lights, theyre not on all the time, so theyre quite energy efficient. You can set them to turn on at dusk and off at dawn, or whatever schedule suits your needs.


Now, you might be thinking, "Im not a lighting expert, how am I supposed to know what will work and what wont?" No worries! There are plenty of resources available online, and even in your local library, that can guide you in choosing the best lighting options for your home.


And remember, lighting is just one aspect of curb appeal. There are other cost-effective ways to enhance your homes exterior, like landscaping, painting, and keeping everything clean and tidy. So dont be afraid to experiment and see what works best for your home. After all, its your home, and it deserves to shine!

Google Post

Land cover surrounding Madison, Wisconsin. Fields are colored yellow and brown and urban surfaces are colored red.
Impervious surfaces surrounding Madison, Wisconsin
Canopy cover surrounding Madison, Wisconsin

Landscape ecology is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizational levels of research and policy.[1][2][3] Landscape ecology can be described as the science of "landscape diversity" as the synergetic result of biodiversity and geodiversity.[4]

As a highly interdisciplinary field in systems science, landscape ecology integrates biophysical and analytical approaches with humanistic and holistic perspectives across the natural sciences and social sciences. Landscapes are spatially heterogeneous geographic areas characterized by diverse interacting patches or ecosystems, ranging from relatively natural terrestrial and aquatic systems such as forests, grasslands, and lakes to human-dominated environments including agricultural and urban settings.[2][5][6]

The most salient characteristics of landscape ecology are its emphasis on the relationship among pattern, process and scales, and its focus on broad-scale ecological and environmental issues. These necessitate the coupling between biophysical and socioeconomic sciences. Key research topics in landscape ecology include ecological flows in landscape mosaics, land use and land cover change, scaling, relating landscape pattern analysis with ecological processes, and landscape conservation and sustainability.[7] Landscape ecology also studies the role of human impacts on landscape diversity in the development and spreading of new human pathogens that could trigger epidemics.[8][9]

Terminology

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The German term Landschaftsökologie – thus landscape ecology – was coined by German geographer Carl Troll in 1939.[10] He developed this terminology and many early concepts of landscape ecology as part of his early work, which consisted of applying aerial photograph interpretation to studies of interactions between environment and vegetation.

Explanation

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Heterogeneity is the measure of how parts of a landscape differ from one another. Landscape ecology looks at how this spatial structure affects organism abundance at the landscape level, as well as the behavior and functioning of the landscape as a whole. This includes studying the influence of pattern, or the internal order of a landscape, on process, or the continuous operation of functions of organisms.[11] Landscape ecology also includes geomorphology as applied to the design and architecture of landscapes.[12] Geomorphology is the study of how geological formations are responsible for the structure of a landscape.

History

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Evolution of theory

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One central landscape ecology theory originated from MacArthur & Wilson's The Theory of Island Biogeography. This work considered the biodiversity on islands as the result of competing forces of colonization from a mainland stock and stochastic extinction. The concepts of island biogeography were generalized from physical islands to abstract patches of habitat by Levins' metapopulation model (which can be applied e.g. to forest islands in the agricultural landscape[13]). This generalization spurred the growth of landscape ecology by providing conservation biologists a new tool to assess how habitat fragmentation affects population viability. Recent growth of landscape ecology owes much to the development of geographic information systems (GIS)[14] and the availability of large-extent habitat data (e.g. remotely sensed datasets).

Development as a discipline

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Landscape ecology developed in Europe from historical planning on human-dominated landscapes. Concepts from general ecology theory were integrated in North America.[when?] While general ecology theory and its sub-disciplines focused on the study of more homogenous, discrete community units organized in a hierarchical structure (typically as ecosystems, populations, species, and communities), landscape ecology built upon heterogeneity in space and time. It frequently included human-caused landscape changes in theory and application of concepts.[15]

By 1980, landscape ecology was a discrete, established discipline. It was marked by the organization of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE) in 1982. Landmark book publications defined the scope and goals of the discipline, including Naveh and Lieberman[16] and Forman and Godron.[17][18] Forman[6] wrote that although study of "the ecology of spatial configuration at the human scale" was barely a decade old, there was strong potential for theory development and application of the conceptual framework.

Today, theory and application of landscape ecology continues to develop through a need for innovative applications in a changing landscape and environment. Landscape ecology relies on advanced technologies such as remote sensing, GIS, and models. There has been associated development of powerful quantitative methods to examine the interactions of patterns and processes.[5] An example would be determining the amount of carbon present in the soil based on landform over a landscape, derived from GIS maps, vegetation types, and rainfall data for a region. Remote sensing work has been used to extend landscape ecology to the field of predictive vegetation mapping, for instance by Janet Franklin.

Definitions/conceptions of landscape ecology

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Nowadays, at least six different conceptions of landscape ecology can be identified: one group tending toward the more disciplinary concept of ecology (subdiscipline of biology; in conceptions 2, 3, and 4) and another group—characterized by the interdisciplinary study of relations between human societies and their environment—inclined toward the integrated view of geography (in conceptions 1, 5, and 6):[19]

  1. Interdisciplinary analysis of subjectively defined landscape units (e.g. Neef School[20][21]): Landscapes are defined in terms of uniformity in land use. Landscape ecology explores the landscape's natural potential in terms of functional utility for human societies. To analyse this potential, it is necessary to draw on several natural sciences.
  2. Topological ecology at the landscape scale[22][23] 'Landscape' is defined as a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems (woods, meadows, marshes, villages, etc.) that is repeated in similar form throughout. It is explicitly stated that landscapes are areas at a kilometres wide human scale of perception, modification, etc. Landscape ecology describes and explains the landscapes' characteristic patterns of ecosystems and investigates the flux of energy, mineral nutrients, and species among their component ecosystems, providing important knowledge for addressing land-use issues.
  3. Organism-centered, multi-scale topological ecology (e.g. John A. Wiens[24][25]): Explicitly rejecting views expounded by Troll, Zonneveld, Naveh, Forman & Godron, etc., landscape and landscape ecology are defined independently of human perceptions, interests, and modifications of nature. 'Landscape' is defined – regardless of scale – as the 'template' on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes. Not humans, but rather the respective species being studied is the point of reference for what constitutes a landscape.
  4. Topological ecology at the landscape level of biological organisation (e.g. Urban et al.[26]): On the basis of ecological hierarchy theory, it is presupposed that nature is working at multiple scales and has different levels of organisation which are part of a rate-structured, nested hierarchy. Specifically, it is claimed that, above the ecosystem level, a landscape level exists which is generated and identifiable by high interaction intensity between ecosystems, a specific interaction frequency and, typically, a corresponding spatial scale. Landscape ecology is defined as ecology that focuses on the influence exerted by spatial and temporal patterns on the organisation of, and interaction among, functionally integrated multispecies ecosystems.
  5. Analysis of social-ecological systems using the natural and social sciences and humanities (e.g. Leser;[27] Naveh;[28][29] Zonneveld[30]): Landscape ecology is defined as an interdisciplinary super-science that explores the relationship between human societies and their specific environment, making use of not only various natural sciences, but also social sciences and humanities. This conception is grounded in the assumption that social systems are linked to their specific ambient ecological system in such a way that both systems together form a co-evolutionary, self-organising unity called 'landscape'. Societies' cultural, social and economic dimensions are regarded as an integral part of the global ecological hierarchy, and landscapes are claimed to be the manifest systems of the 'total human ecosystem' (Naveh) which encompasses both the physical ('geospheric') and mental ('noospheric') spheres.
  6. Ecology guided by cultural meanings of lifeworldly landscapes (frequently pursued in practice[31] but not defined, but see, e.g., Hard;[32] Trepl[19]): Landscape ecology is defined as ecology that is guided by an external aim, namely, to maintain and develop lifeworldly landscapes. It provides the ecological knowledge necessary to achieve these goals. It investigates how to sustain and develop those populations and ecosystems which (i) are the material 'vehicles' of lifeworldly, aesthetic and symbolic landscapes and, at the same time, (ii) meet societies' functional requirements, including provisioning, regulating, and supporting ecosystem services. Thus landscape ecology is concerned mainly with the populations and ecosystems which have resulted from traditional, regionally specific forms of land use.

Relationship to ecological theory

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Some research programmes of landscape ecology theory, namely those standing in the European tradition, may be slightly outside of the "classical and preferred domain of scientific disciplines" because of the large, heterogeneous areas of study. However, general ecology theory is central to landscape ecology theory in many aspects. Landscape ecology consists of four main principles: the development and dynamics of spatial heterogeneity, interactions and exchanges across heterogeneous landscapes, influences of spatial heterogeneity on biotic and abiotic processes, and the management of spatial heterogeneity. The main difference from traditional ecological studies, which frequently assume that systems are spatially homogenous, is the consideration of spatial patterns.[33]

Important terms

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Landscape ecology not only created new terms, but also incorporated existing ecological terms in new ways. Many of the terms used in landscape ecology are as interconnected and interrelated as the discipline itself.

Landscape

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Certainly, 'landscape' is a central concept in landscape ecology. It is, however, defined in quite different ways. For example:[19] Carl Troll conceives of landscape not as a mental construct but as an objectively given 'organic entity', a harmonic individuum of space.[34] Ernst Neef[20][21] defines landscapes as sections within the uninterrupted earth-wide interconnection of geofactors which are defined as such on the basis of their uniformity in terms of a specific land use, and are thus defined in an anthropocentric and relativistic way. According to Richard Forman and Michel Godron,[22] a landscape is a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout, whereby they list woods, meadows, marshes and villages as examples of a landscape's ecosystems, and state that a landscape is an area at least a few kilometres wide. John A. Wiens[24][25] opposes the traditional view expounded by Carl Troll, Isaak S. Zonneveld, Zev Naveh, Richard T. T. Forman/Michel Godron and others that landscapes are arenas in which humans interact with their environments on a kilometre-wide scale; instead, he defines 'landscape'—regardless of scale—as "the template on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes".[25][35] Some define 'landscape' as an area containing two or more ecosystems in close proximity.[15]

Scale and heterogeneity (incorporating composition, structure, and function)

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A main concept in landscape ecology is scale. Scale represents the real world as translated onto a map, relating distance on a map image and the corresponding distance on earth.[36] Scale is also the spatial or temporal measure of an object or a process,[33] or amount of spatial resolution.[6] Components of scale include composition, structure, and function, which are all important ecological concepts. Applied to landscape ecology, composition refers to the number of patch types (see below) represented on a landscape and their relative abundance. For example, the amount of forest or wetland, the length of forest edge, or the density of roads can be aspects of landscape composition. Structure is determined by the composition, the configuration, and the proportion of different patches across the landscape, while function refers to how each element in the landscape interacts based on its life cycle events.[33] Pattern is the term for the contents and internal order of a heterogeneous area of land.[17]

A landscape with structure and pattern implies that it has spatial heterogeneity, or the uneven distribution of objects across the landscape.[6] Heterogeneity is a key element of landscape ecology that separates this discipline from other branches of ecology. Landscape heterogeneity is able to quantify with agent-based methods as well.[37]

Patch and mosaic

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Patch, a term fundamental to landscape ecology, is defined as a relatively homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings.[6] Patches are the basic unit of the landscape that change and fluctuate, a process called patch dynamics. Patches have a definite shape and spatial configuration, and can be described compositionally by internal variables such as number of trees, number of tree species, height of trees, or other similar measurements.[6]

Matrix is the "background ecological system" of a landscape with a high degree of connectivity. Connectivity is the measure of how connected or spatially continuous a corridor, network, or matrix is.[6] For example, a forested landscape (matrix) with fewer gaps in forest cover (open patches) will have higher connectivity. Corridors have important functions as strips of a particular type of landscape differing from adjacent land on both sides.[6] A network is an interconnected system of corridors while mosaic describes the pattern of patches, corridors, and matrix that form a landscape in its entirety.[6]

Boundary and edge

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Landscape patches have a boundary between them which can be defined or fuzzy.[15] The zone composed of the edges of adjacent ecosystems is the boundary.[6] Edge means the portion of an ecosystem near its perimeter, where influences of the adjacent patches can cause an environmental difference between the interior of the patch and its edge. This edge effect includes a distinctive species composition or abundance.[6] For example, when a landscape is a mosaic of perceptibly different types, such as a forest adjacent to a grassland, the edge is the location where the two types adjoin. In a continuous landscape, such as a forest giving way to open woodland, the exact edge location is fuzzy and is sometimes determined by a local gradient exceeding a threshold, such as the point where the tree cover falls below thirty-five percent.[33]

Ecotones, ecoclines, and ecotopes

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A type of boundary is the ecotone, or the transitional zone between two communities.[12] Ecotones can arise naturally, such as a lakeshore, or can be human-created, such as a cleared agricultural field from a forest.[12] The ecotonal community retains characteristics of each bordering community and often contains species not found in the adjacent communities. Classic examples of ecotones include fencerows, forest to marshlands transitions, forest to grassland transitions, or land-water interfaces such as riparian zones in forests. Characteristics of ecotones include vegetational sharpness, physiognomic change, occurrence of a spatial community mosaic, many exotic species, ecotonal species, spatial mass effect, and species richness higher or lower than either side of the ecotone.[38]

An ecocline is another type of landscape boundary, but it is a gradual and continuous change in environmental conditions of an ecosystem or community. Ecoclines help explain the distribution and diversity of organisms within a landscape because certain organisms survive better under certain conditions, which change along the ecocline. They contain heterogeneous communities which are considered more environmentally stable than those of ecotones.[39] An ecotope is a spatial term representing the smallest ecologically distinct unit in mapping and classification of landscapes.[6] Relatively homogeneous, they are spatially explicit landscape units used to stratify landscapes into ecologically distinct features. They are useful for the measurement and mapping of landscape structure, function, and change over time, and to examine the effects of disturbance and fragmentation.

Disturbance and fragmentation

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Disturbance is an event that significantly alters the pattern of variation in the structure or function of a system. Fragmentation is the breaking up of a habitat, ecosystem, or land-use type into smaller parcels.[6] Disturbance is generally considered a natural process. Fragmentation causes land transformation, an important process in landscapes as development occurs.

An important consequence of repeated, random clearing (whether by natural disturbance or human activity) is that contiguous cover can break down into isolated patches. This happens when the area cleared exceeds a critical level, which means that landscapes exhibit two phases: connected and disconnected.[40]

Theory

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Landscape ecology theory stresses the role of human impacts on landscape structures and functions. It also proposes ways for restoring degraded landscapes.[16] Landscape ecology explicitly includes humans as entities that cause functional changes on the landscape.[15] Landscape ecology theory includes the landscape stability principle, which emphasizes the importance of landscape structural heterogeneity in developing resistance to disturbances, recovery from disturbances, and promoting total system stability.[17] This principle is a major contribution to general ecological theories which highlight the importance of relationships among the various components of the landscape.

Integrity of landscape components helps maintain resistance to external threats, including development and land transformation by human activity.[5] Analysis of land use change has included a strongly geographical approach which has led to the acceptance of the idea of multifunctional properties of landscapes.[18] There are still calls for a more unified theory of landscape ecology due to differences in professional opinion among ecologists and its interdisciplinary approach (Bastian 2001).

An important related theory is hierarchy theory, which refers to how systems of discrete functional elements operate when linked at two or more scales. For example, a forested landscape might be hierarchically composed of drainage basins, which in turn are composed of local ecosystems, which are in turn composed of individual trees and gaps.[6] Recent theoretical developments in landscape ecology have emphasized the relationship between pattern and process, as well as the effect that changes in spatial scale has on the potential to extrapolate information across scales.[33] Several studies suggest that the landscape has critical thresholds at which ecological processes will show dramatic changes, such as the complete transformation of a landscape by an invasive species due to small changes in temperature characteristics which favor the invasive's habitat requirements.[33]

Application

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Research directions

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Developments in landscape ecology illustrate the important relationships between spatial patterns and ecological processes. These developments incorporate quantitative methods that link spatial patterns and ecological processes at broad spatial and temporal scales. This linkage of time, space, and environmental change can assist managers in applying plans to solve environmental problems.[5] The increased attention in recent years on spatial dynamics has highlighted the need for new quantitative methods that can analyze patterns, determine the importance of spatially explicit processes, and develop reliable models.[33] Multivariate analysis techniques are frequently used to examine landscape level vegetation patterns. Studies use statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), or detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), for classifying vegetation. Gradient analysis is another way to determine the vegetation structure across a landscape or to help delineate critical wetland habitat for conservation or mitigation purposes (Choesin and Boerner 2002).[41]

Climate change is another major component in structuring current research in landscape ecology.[42] Ecotones, as a basic unit in landscape studies, may have significance for management under climate change scenarios, since change effects are likely to be seen at ecotones first because of the unstable nature of a fringe habitat.[38] Research in northern regions has examined landscape ecological processes, such as the accumulation of snow, melting, freeze-thaw action, percolation, soil moisture variation, and temperature regimes through long-term measurements in Norway.[43] The study analyzes gradients across space and time between ecosystems of the central high mountains to determine relationships between distribution patterns of animals in their environment. Looking at where animals live, and how vegetation shifts over time, may provide insight into changes in snow and ice over long periods of time across the landscape as a whole.

Other landscape-scale studies maintain that human impact is likely the main determinant of landscape pattern over much of the globe.[44][45] Landscapes may become substitutes for biodiversity measures because plant and animal composition differs between samples taken from sites within different landscape categories. Taxa, or different species, can "leak" from one habitat into another, which has implications for landscape ecology. As human land use practices expand and continue to increase the proportion of edges in landscapes, the effects of this leakage across edges on assemblage integrity may become more significant in conservation. This is because taxa may be conserved across landscape levels, if not at local levels.[46]

Land change modeling

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Land change modeling is an application of landscape ecology designed to predict future changes in land use. Land change models are used in urban planning, geography, GIS, and other disciplines to gain a clear understanding of the course of a landscape.[47] In recent years, much of the Earth's land cover has changed rapidly, whether from deforestation or the expansion of urban areas.[48]

Relationship to other disciplines

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Landscape ecology has been incorporated into a variety of ecological subdisciplines. For example, it is closely linked to land change science, the interdisciplinary of land use and land cover change and their effects on surrounding ecology. Another recent development has been the more explicit consideration of spatial concepts and principles applied to the study of lakes, streams, and wetlands in the field of landscape limnology. Seascape ecology is a marine and coastal application of landscape ecology.[49] In addition, landscape ecology has important links to application-oriented disciplines such as agriculture and forestry. In agriculture, landscape ecology has introduced new options for the management of environmental threats brought about by the intensification of agricultural practices. Agriculture has always been a strong human impact on ecosystems.[18]

In forestry, from structuring stands for fuelwood and timber to ordering stands across landscapes to enhance aesthetics, consumer needs have affected conservation and use of forested landscapes. Landscape forestry provides methods, concepts, and analytic procedures for landscape forestry.[50] Landscape ecology has been cited as a contributor to the development of fisheries biology as a distinct biological science discipline,[51] and is frequently incorporated in study design for wetland delineation in hydrology.[39] It has helped shape integrated landscape management.[52] Lastly, landscape ecology has been very influential for progressing sustainability science and sustainable development planning. For example, a recent study assessed sustainable urbanization across Europe using evaluation indices, country-landscapes, and landscape ecology tools and methods.[53]

Landscape ecology has also been combined with population genetics to form the field of landscape genetics, which addresses how landscape features influence the population structure and gene flow of plant and animal populations across space and time[54] and on how the quality of intervening landscape, known as "matrix", influences spatial variation.[55] After the term was coined in 2003, the field of landscape genetics had expanded to over 655 studies by 2010,[56] and continues to grow today. As genetic data has become more readily accessible, it is increasingly being used by ecologists to answer novel evolutionary and ecological questions,[57] many with regard to how landscapes effect evolutionary processes, especially in human-modified landscapes, which are experiencing biodiversity loss.[58]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wu J (January 2006). "Landscape ecology, cross-disciplinarity, and sustainability science". Landscape Ecology. 21 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/s10980-006-7195-2. S2CID 27192835.
  2. ^ a b Wu J, Hobbs R, eds. (2007). Key Topics in Landscape Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ Wu J (2008). "Landscape ecology.". In Jorgensen SE (ed.). Encyclopedia of Ecology. Oxford: Elsevier.
  4. ^ Leser H, Nagel P (2001). "Landscape diversity — a holistic approach". Biodiversity. Springer. pp. 129–143. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06071-1_9. ISBN 978-3-642-08370-9.
  5. ^ a b c d Turner MG, Gardner RH, O'Neill RV (2001). Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Forman RT (1995). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  7. ^ Wu & Hobbs 2002
  8. ^ Bloomfield LS, McIntosh TL, Lambin EF (2020-04-01). "Habitat fragmentation, livelihood behaviors, and contact between people and nonhuman primates in Africa". Landscape Ecology. 35 (4): 985–1000. doi:10.1007/s10980-020-00995-w. hdl:2078.1/243632. ISSN 1572-9761. S2CID 214731443.
  9. ^ Bausch DG, Schwarz L (2014-07-31). "Outbreak of ebola virus disease in Guinea: where ecology meets economy". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (7): e3056. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003056. PMC 4117598. PMID 25079231.
  10. ^ Troll C (1939). "Luftbildplan und ökologische Bodenforschung" [Aerial photography and ecological studies of the earth]. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde (in German). Berlin: 241–298.
  11. ^ Turner MG (1989). "Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 20: 171–197. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001131.
  12. ^ a b c Allaby M (1998). Oxford Dictionary of Ecology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  13. ^ Banaszak J, ed. (2000). Ecology of Forest Islands. Bydgoszcz, Poland: Bydgoszcz University Press. p. 313.
  14. ^ Steiniger S, Hay GJ (September 2009). "Free and open source geographic information tools for landscape ecology" (PDF). Ecological Informatics. 4 (4): 183–95. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2009.07.004.
  15. ^ a b c d Sanderson J, Harris LD, eds. (2000). Landscape Ecology: A Top-Down Approach. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: Lewis Publishers.
  16. ^ a b Naveh Z, Lieberman A (1984). Landscape ecology: theory and application. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag.
  17. ^ a b c Forman RT, Godron M (1986). Landscape Ecology. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  18. ^ a b c Ryszkowski L, ed. (2002). Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management. Florida, USA: CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  19. ^ a b c Kirchhoff T, Trepl L, Vicenzotti V (February 2013). "What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation of six different conceptions". Landscape Research. 38 (1): 33–51. doi:10.1080/01426397.2011.640751. S2CID 145421450. All the following quotations and descriptions come from this source.
  20. ^ a b Neef E (1967). Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre [The theoretical basics of landscape science] (in German). Gotha: Haack.
  21. ^ a b Haase G (1990). "Approaches to, and methods of landscape diagnosis as a basis of landscape planning and landscape management". Ekológia. 9 (1): 31–44.
  22. ^ a b Forman RT, Godron M (November 1981). "Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology". BioScience. 31 (10): 733–40. doi:10.2307/1308780. JSTOR 1308780.
  23. ^ Forman RT, Godron M (1986). Landscape ecology. NY: Wiley.
  24. ^ a b Wiens JA, Milne BT (December 1989). "Scaling of 'landscapes' in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a beetle's perspective". Landscape Ecology. 3 (2): 87–96. doi:10.1007/BF00131172. S2CID 15683804.
  25. ^ a b c Wiens JA (1999). "The science and practice of landscape ecology.". In Klopatek JM, Gardner RH (eds.). Landscape ecological analyses: Issues and applications. NY: Springer. pp. 371–383.
  26. ^ Urban DL, O'Neill RV, Shugart Jr HH (February 1987). "A hierarchical perspective can help scientists understand spatial patterns" (PDF). BioScience. 37 (2): 119–27. doi:10.2307/1310366. JSTOR 1310366.
  27. ^ Leser H (1991). Landschaftsökologie. Ansatz, Modelle, Methodik, Anwendung. Stuttgart: Ulmer.
  28. ^ Naveh Z, Lieberman AS (1984). Landscape ecology. Theory and application. NY: Springer.
  29. ^ Naveh N (2000). "What is holistic landscape ecology? A conceptual introduction". Landscape and Urban Planning. 50 (1–3): 7–26. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00077-3.
  30. ^ Zonneveld IS (1995). Land ecology: an introduction to landscape ecology as a base for land evaluation, land management and conservation. Amsterdam: SPB.
  31. ^ However, not always under the designation 'landscape ecology', but as part of landscape stewardship, landscape architecture and, first and foremost, environmental or urban and landscape planning.
  32. ^ Hard G (1973). Die Geographie. Eine wissenschaftstheoretische Einführung. Berlin: deGruyter. pp. 92–95.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Turner MG, Gardner RH, eds. (1991). Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag.
  34. ^ Troll C (2007). "The geographic landscape and its investigation.". In Wiens JA, Moss MR, Turner MG, Mladenoff DJ (eds.). Foundation papers in landscape ecology. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 71–101. First published as: Troll C (1950). "Die geographische Landschaft und ihre Erforschung". Studium Generale. Vol. 3. pp. 163–181. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-38240-0_20. ISBN 978-3-662-37475-7. cite book: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  35. ^ Wiens JA (2005). "Toward a unified landscape ecology". In Wiens JA, Moss MR (eds.). Issues and perspectives in landscape ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–373.
  36. ^ Malczewski J (1999). GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  37. ^ Wirth E, Szabó G, Czinkóczky A (2016-06-07). "Measure of Landscape Heterogeneity by Agent-Based Methodology". ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. III-8: 145–151. Bibcode:2016ISPAnIII8..145W. doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-8-145-2016. ISSN 2194-9042.
  38. ^ a b Walker S, Wilson JB, Steel JB, Rapson GL, Smith B, King WM, Cottam YH (August 2003). "Properties of ecotones: evidence from five ecotones objectively determined from a coastal vegetation gradient". Journal of Vegetation Science. 14 (4): 579–90. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02185.x.
  39. ^ a b Attrill MJ, Rundle SD (December 2002). "Ecotone or ecocline: ecological boundaries in estuaries". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 55 (6): 929–36. Bibcode:2002ECSS...55..929A. doi:10.1006/ecss.2002.1036.
  40. ^ Green DG, Klomp NI, Rimmington GR, Sadedin S (2006). Complexity in Landscape Ecology. Amsterdam: Springer. Archived from the original on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  41. ^ Lyon J, Sagers CL (September 1998). "Structure of herbaceous plant assemblages in a forested riparian landscape". Plant Ecology. 138 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1023/A:1009705912710. S2CID 28628830.
  42. ^ Ochoa-Hueso R, Delgado-Baquerizo M, King PT, Benham M, Arca V, Power SA (February 2019). "Ecosystem type and resource quality are more important than global change drivers in regulating early stages of litter decomposition". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 129: 144–152. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.009. hdl:10261/336676. S2CID 92606851.
  43. ^ Löffler J, Finch OD (November 2005). "Spatio-temporal gradients between high mountain ecosystems of central Norway". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 37 (4): 499–513. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0499:sgbhme]2.0.co;2. S2CID 131326887.
  44. ^ Ellis, Erle C.; Gauthier, Nicolas; Klein Goldewijk, Kees; Bliege Bird, Rebecca; Boivin, Nicole; Díaz, Sandra; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Kaplan, Jed O.; Kingston, Naomi; Locke, Harvey; McMichael, Crystal N. H.; Ranco, Darren; Rick, Torben C.; Shaw, M. Rebecca (2021-04-27). "People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (17): e2023483118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023483118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8092386. PMID 33875599.
  45. ^ Wilson JB, King WM (August 1995). "Human-mediated vegetation switches as processes in landscape ecology". Landscape Ecology. 10 (4): 191–6. doi:10.1007/BF00129253. S2CID 772430.
  46. ^ Dangerfield JM, Pik AJ, Britton D, Holmes A, Gillings M, Oliver IA, Briscoe D, Beattie AJ (June 2003). "Patterns of invertebrate biodiversity across a natural edge". Austral Ecology. 28 (3): 227–36. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01240.x.
  47. ^ National Research Council (2014). Advancing Land Change Modeling: Opportunities and Research Requirements. National Academies Press. pp. Chapter 1. doi:10.17226/18385. ISBN 978-0-309-28833-0.
  48. ^ University of Maryland. "GLCF: Global Land Cover Change". glcf.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  49. ^ Pittman SJ, ed. (2017). Seascape Ecology. Wiley & Sons.
  50. ^ Boyce SG (1995). Landscape Forestry. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  51. ^ Magnuson JJ (February 1991). "Fish and fisheries ecology". Ecological Applications. 1 (1): 13–26. doi:10.2307/1941844. JSTOR 1941844. PMID 27755677.
  52. ^ Sayer J (2009). "Reconciling conservation and development: are landscapes the answer?". Biotropica. 41 (6): 649–652. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00575.x. S2CID 85171847.
  53. ^ Shaker RR (September 2015). "The well-being of nations: an empirical assessment of sustainable urbanization for Europe". International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 22 (5): 375–87. doi:10.1080/13504509.2015.1055524. S2CID 154904536.
  54. ^ Manel S, Schwartz MK, Luikart G, Taberlet P (April 2003). "Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 18 (4): 189–197. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00008-9. S2CID 2984426.
  55. ^ Storfer A, Murphy MA, Evans JS, Goldberg CS, Robinson S, Spear SF, et al. (March 2007). "Putting the "landscape" in landscape genetics". Heredity. 98 (3): 128–42. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800917. PMID 17080024.
  56. ^ Storfer A, Murphy MA, Spear SF, Holderegger R, Waits LP (September 2010). "Landscape genetics: where are we now?". Molecular Ecology. 19 (17): 3496–514. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04691.x. PMID 20723061. S2CID 16435893.
  57. ^ Balkenhol N, Cushman S, Storfer A, Waits L (2015-11-09). Landscape Genetics: Concepts, Methods, Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118525296.
  58. ^ Manel S, Holderegger R (October 2013). "Ten years of landscape genetics". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 28 (10): 614–21. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.012. PMID 23769416.
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Sustainable landscaping is a modern type of gardening or landscaping that takes the environmental issue of sustainability into account. According to Loehrlein in 2009 this includes design, construction and management of residential and commercial gardens and incorporates organic lawn management and organic gardening techniques.[1]

Definition

[edit]

A sustainable garden is designed to be both attractive and in balance with the local climate and environment and it should require minimal resource inputs. Thus, the design must be “functional, cost-efficient, visually pleasing, environmentally friendly and maintainable".[2] As part of sustainable development, it pays close attention to preserving limited resources, reducing waste, and preventing air, water and soil pollution. Compost, fertilization, integrated pest management, using the right plant in the right place, appropriate use of turf and xeriscaping (water-wise gardening) are all components of sustainable landscaping.

Benefits

[edit]

Sustainability can help urban commercial landscaping companies save money.[3] In California, gardens often do not outweigh the cost of inputs like water and labor. However, using appropriately selected and properly sited plants may help to ensure that maintenance costs are lower because of reduced inputs.

Issues

[edit]

Sustainability issues for landscaping include:

Non-sustainable practices include:

Solutions

[edit]

Some of the solutions are:

Proper design

[edit]

One step to garden design is to do a "sustainability audit". This is similar to a landscape site analysis that is typically performed by landscape designers at the beginning of the design process. Factors such as lot size, house size, local covenants and budgets should be considered. The steps to design include a base plan, site inventory and analysis, construction documents, implementation and maintenance.[2] Of great importance is considerations related to the growing conditions of the site. These include orientation to the sun, soil type, wind flow, slopes, shade and climate, the goal of reducing irrigation and use of toxic substances, and requires proper plant selection for the specific site.

Sustainable landscaping is not only important because it saves money, it also limits the human impact on the surrounding ecosystem. However, planting species not native to the landscape may introduce invasive plant species as well as new wildlife that was not in the ecosystem before. Altering the ecosystem is a major problem and meeting with an expert with experience with the wildlife and agriculture in the area will help avoid this.[26]

Irrigation

[edit]

Mulch may be used to reduce water loss due to evaporation, reduce weeds, minimize erosion, dust and mud problems. Mulch can also add nutrients to the soil when it decomposes. However, mulch is most often used for weed suppression. Overuse of mulch can result in harm to the selected plantings. Care must be taken in the source of the mulch, for instance, black walnut trees result in a toxic mulch product. Grasscycling turf areas (using mulching mowers that leave grass clippings on the lawn) will also decrease the amount of fertilizer needed, reduce landfill waste and reduce costs of disposal.[27]

A common recommendation is to add 2-4 inches of mulch in flower beds and under trees away from the trunk. Mulch should be applied under trees to the dripline (extension of the branches) in lieu of flowers, hostas, turf or other plants that are often planted there. This practice of planting under trees is detrimental to tree roots, especially when such plants are irrigated to an excessive level that harms the tree. One must be careful not to apply mulch to the bark of the tree. It can result in smothering, mould and insect depredation.

The practice of xeriscaping or water-wise gardening suggests that placing plants with similar water demands together will save time and low-water or drought-tolerant plants would be a smart initial consideration.

A homeowner may consider consulting an accredited irrigation technician/auditor and obtain a water audit of current systems. Drip or sub-surface irrigation may be useful. Using evapotranspiration controllers, soil sensors and refined control panels will reduce water loss. Irrigation heads may need readjustment to avoid sprinkling on sidewalks or streets. Business owners may consider developing watering schedules based on historical or actual weather data and soil probes to monitor soil moisture prior to watering.[2]

An example of sustainable irrigation (Drip Irrigation)

Building materials

[edit]

When deciding what kind of building materials to put on a site it is important to recycle as often as possible, such as for example by reusing old bricks.

It is also important to be careful about what materials you use, especially if you plan to grow food crops. Old telephone poles and railroad ties have usually been treated with a toxic substance called creosote that can leach into the soils.

Sustainably harvested lumber is available, in which ecological, economic and social factors are integrated into the management of trees used for lumber.[28]

Planting selection

[edit]

One important part of sustainable landscaping is plant selection. Most of what makes a landscape unsustainable is the amount of inputs required to grow a non-native plant on it. What this means is that a local plant, which has adapted to local climate conditions will require less work to flourish. Instead, drought-tolerant plants like succulents and cacti are better suited to survive.

Plants used as windbreaks can save up to 30% on heating costs in winter. They also help with shading a residence or commercial building in summer, create cool air through evapotranspiration and can cool hardscape areas such as driveways and sidewalks.[29]

Irrigation is an excellent end-use option in greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting systems, and a composting toilet can cover (at least) some of the nutrient requirements.[30] Not all fruit trees are suitable for greywater irrigation, as reclaimed greywater is typically of high pH and acidophile plants don't do well in alkaline environments.

Energy conservation may be achieved by placing broadleaf deciduous trees near the east, west and optionally north-facing walls of the house. Such selection provides shading in the summer while permitting large amounts of heat-carrying solar radiation to strike the house in the winter. The trees are to be placed as closely as possible to the house walls. As the efficiency of photovoltaic panels and passive solar heating is sensitive to shading, experts suggest the complete absence of trees near the south side.

Another choice would be that of a dense vegetative fence composed of evergreens (e.g. conifers) near that side from which cold continental winds blow and also that side from which the prevailing winds blow. Such a choice creates a winter windbreak that prevents low temperatures outside the house and reduces air infiltration towards the inside. Calculations show that placing the windbreak at a distance twice the height of the trees can reduce the wind velocity by 75%.[31]

The above vegetative arrangements come with two disadvantages. Firstly, they minimize air circulation in summer although in many climates heating is more important and costly than cooling, and, secondly, they may affect the efficiency of photovoltaic panels. However, it has been estimated that if both arrangements are applied properly, they can reduce the overall house energy usage by up to 22%.[31]

Sustainable lawns

[edit]
An example of a sustainable lawn

Lawns are often used as the center point of a landscape. While there are many different species of grass, only a limited amount are considered sustainable. Knowing the climate around the landscape is ideal for saving water and being sustainable. For example, in southern California having a grass lawn of tall fescue will typically need upwards of 1,365 cubic metres (360,500 US gal) of water. A lawn in the same place made up of mixed beds with various trees, shrubs, and ground cover will normally need 202 cubic metres (53,300 US gal) of water.[32] Having gravel, wood chips or bark, mulch, rubber mulch, artificial grass, patio, wood or composite deck, rock garden, or a succulent garden are all considered sustainable landscape techniques. Other species of plants other than grass that can take up a lawn are lantana, clover, creeping ivy, creeping thyme, oregano, rosemary hedges, silver pony foot, moneywort, chamomile, yarrow, creeping lily turf, ice plant, and stonecrop.[citation needed]

Maintenance

[edit]

Pests

[edit]

It is best to start with pest-free plant materials and supplies and close inspection of the plant upon purchase is recommended. Establishing diversity within the area of plant species will encourage populations of beneficial organisms (e.g. birds, insects), which feed on potential plant pests. Attracting a wide variety of organisms with a variety of host plants has shown to be effective in increasing pollinator presence in agriculture.[33] Because plant pests vary from plant to plant, assessing the problem correctly is half the battle. The owner must consider whether the plant can tolerate the damage caused by the pest. If not, then does the plant justify some sort of treatment? Physical barriers may help.[2] Landscape managers should make use of Integrated Pest Management to reduce the use of pesticides and herbicides.

Pruning

[edit]

Proper pruning will increase air circulation and may decrease the likelihood of plant diseases. However, improper pruning is detrimental to shrubs and trees.[2]

Programs

[edit]

There are several programs in place that are open to participation by various groups. For example, the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program for golf courses,[34] the Audubon Green Neighborhoods Program,[35] and the National Wildlife Federation’s Backyard Habitat Program,[36] to name a few.

The Sustainable Sites Initiative, began in 2005, provides a points-based certification for landscapes, similar to the LEED program for buildings operated by the Green Building Council. It has guidelines and performance benchmarks.[37]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Loehrlein, Marietta (26 September 2013). Sustainable Landscaping: Principles and Practices. CRC Press. ISBN 9781466593206. Editor note: info in Wikipedia taken in November 2009 from her now defunct personal website and a class she gave on her former university webspace
  2. ^ a b c d e Colorado State University Extension. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/Pubs/Garden/07243.html. Viewed 11-15-09.
  3. ^ Buiten, Tim (19 October 2020). "Commercial Landscape Management: How to Maximize Your ROI". Tim's Complete. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  4. ^ "Sustainable Landscapes and its Benefits – Debating Science". Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  5. ^ Rowe, B., J. Andersen, J. Lloyd, T. Mrozowski and K. Getter. The green roof research at Michigan State University. http://hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/ Viewed 7/30/2007.
  6. ^ Robinette, G. O. and K. W. Sloan. 1984. Water conservation in landscape design and management. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. NY. 258pp.
  7. ^ PennState Center for Green Roof Research. http://web.me.com/rdberghage/Centerforgreenroof/Home.html. Viewed 9/23/09.
  8. ^ Carver, S. 2008. Water-wise landscaping can improve conservation efforts. Landscape Mgmt. May/June Suppl Livescapes. P. 8.
  9. ^ Eberle, W. M. and J. G. Thomas. 1981. Some water-saving ways. Kansas State Ext. 4pp.
  10. ^ Krizner, K. 2008. Smart water solutions. Landscape Management May/June. p. 31-2
  11. ^ White, J.D. 2008. When the well runs dry: managing water before it becomes a crisis. GrowerTalks. Aug. pp. 42-43.
  12. ^ Campbell, C. S. and M. H. Ogden. Constructed wetlands in the sustainable landscape. 1999. Wiley & Sons. NY. 270pp.
  13. ^ Melby, P. and T. Cathcart 2002. Regenerative design techniques : practical applications in landscape design. Wiley. New York. 410 p.
  14. ^ Harker, D., G. Libby. Harker, K. Evans, S. Evans, M. 1999. Landscape Restoration Handbook, 2nd ed. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton. 865pp.
  15. ^ Fizzell, J. A. 1983. Landscape designers must put energy conservation in their plans. Amer. Nurseryman. 157:65-71.
  16. ^ Pitt, D. G. J. Kissida and W. Gould. 1980. How to design a windbreak residential landscaping. Amer. Nurseryman. Vol. 152(10): 10-11.
  17. ^ Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute. Permeable interlocking concrete pavement: a comparison guide to porous asphalt and pervious concrete. http://www.icpi.org/myproject/PICP%20Comparison%20Brochure.pdf. Viewed June 2008.
  18. ^ Kerkhoff, K. L. 2006. How to capitalize and reduce stormwater runoff in your landscapes. Grounds Maint. P. 70.
  19. ^ Thompson,W. J., K. Sorvig and Farnsworth, C. D. 2000. "Sustainable Landscape Construction". Island Pr. Washington, D.C. 348p.
  20. ^ EPA. 1998. Landscaping products containing recovered materials. USEPA Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 8pp.
  21. ^ Bramwell, J. 2006. Power with a conscience. Amer. Nurseryman. 203(3):33-37.
  22. ^ "Lawn Reform Coalition". Archived from the original on March 5, 2010.
  23. ^ "5 Water-Saving Ways to Replace Lawns During California's Drought". 2015-05-21. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015.
  24. ^ "Outgrowing the Traditional Grass Lawn".
  25. ^ "Meadows and Prairies: Wildlife-Friendly Alternatives to Lawn".
  26. ^ "Benefits Of Sustainable Landscaping". elite-horticulture. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  27. ^ California Integrated Waste Management Board. http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Organics/landscaping/
  28. ^ http://www.bearcreeklumber.com/products/intextboth/sustainable.html. Viewed 12-07-09.
  29. ^ Farmstead Windbreaks: Planning. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1716.pdf. Retrieved 12-12-09.
  30. ^ Ghaly, Abdelkader (July 2021). "Greywater Sources, Characteristics, Utilization and Management Guidelines: a review". Research Article.
  31. ^ a b "Green from the ground up" by D. Johnston and S. Gibson
  32. ^ Pittenger M.S, Dennis (2014). "KEEPING LANDSCAPES GREEN WITH LESS GREEN" (PDF). cite journal: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ Cole, Lorna J.; Brocklehurst, Sarah; Robertson, Duncan; Harrison, William; McCracken, David I. (December 2015). "Riparian buffer strips: Their role in the conservation of insect pollinators in intensive grassland systems". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 211: 207–220. Bibcode:2015AgEE..211..207C. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.06.012. ISSN 0167-8809.
  34. ^ http://Audubon International. acspgolf.auduboninternational.org/. Viewed 9/23/09.
  35. ^ Green Neighborhoods http://gn.auduboninternational.org/. Viewed 9/23/09
  36. ^ Garden for Wildlife. http://www.nwf.org/gardenforwildlife/certify.cfm?campaignid=WH09KLBR. Viewed 9/23/09.
  37. ^ The Sustainable Sites Initiative. http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/SSI_Guidelines_Draft_2008.pdf. Viewed 9/23/09.

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A landscape architect is a person who is enlightened in the area of landscape style. The practice of landscape style includes: site evaluation, website stock, website planning, land preparation, growing design, grading, tornado water administration, lasting layout, building spec, and ensuring that all strategies meet the current building ordinance and neighborhood and federal ordinances. The technique of landscape architecture dates to some of the earliest of human cultures and just as long as the practice of medicine has been hostile to the varieties and common globally for a number of millennia. Nevertheless, this post checks out the modern-day profession and academic discipline of those practicing the layout of landscape style. In the 1700s, Humphry Repton described his line of work as "landscape gardener" on business cards he had actually prepared to represent him in job that currently would be described as that of a landscape designer. The title, "landscape engineer", was initially utilized by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park in Manhattan and many tasks of big scale both public and private. He was the founder of a company of landscape engineers who employed very skilled professionals to make and perform aspects of jobs designed under his auspices. Depending on the jurisdiction, landscape engineers who pass state requirements to come to be registered, certified, or licensed may be entitled to make use of the postnominal letters representing their seal, generally RLA (Registered Landscape Architect) or much more just recently, PLA (Professional Landscape Designer) n. In the United States, all 50 states have embraced licensure. The American Culture of Landscape Architects recommends the postnominal letters PLA, for Professional Landscape Designer, despite the fact that there is no legal or specialist difference between the use of RLA or PLA.

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Landscaping refers to any type of activity that modifies the visible functions of a location of land, including the following: Living aspects, such as flora or fauna; or what is frequently called horticulture, the art and craft of expanding plants with an objective of producing a beauty within the landscape. Natural abiotic components, such as landforms, terrain shape and altitude, or bodies of water. Abstract components, such as the weather and lighting problems. Landscaping needs a certain understanding of horticulture and creative layout, but is not restricted to plants and cultivation. Sculpting land to boost functionality (patio, sidewalks, ponds, water functions) are likewise instances of landscape design being utilized. When meant as simply a visual change, the term Ornamental Landscape design is utilized. Usually, developers refer to landscaping as an extension of areas in your home (each one has a feature). Outdoor areas have a large quantity of versatility as far as materials and feature. It is often stated the only restriction to outside space is one's creative imagination.

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San Diego Landscaping & Synthetic Turf
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Del Mar Landscapes
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Breceda Landscape
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San Diego Landscape Solutions
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California Landscape Development
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North County Landscape
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Aldape G Landscaping Inc
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Stepping Stone Landscape Design
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Aquino's Landscaping
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Terra Group Landscape
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San Diego Air & Space Museum
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Sycuan Casino Resort
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Old Town San Diego State Historic Park
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Salk Institute for Biological Studies
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Cabrillo National Monument
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Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego
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Coronado Municipal Golf Course
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Fleet Science Center
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Birch Aquarium
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The New Children’s Museum
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Reviews for Rock N Block - Turf N Hardscapes - San Diego


Corbin Occhino

(5)

TL;DR It was a bumpy road to get to the finish line but when we got there, it was sooooo worth it. Go with Rock-n-Block, you won't regret it. Their initial backyard renovation didn't end up how we hoped it would. The team came back multiple times to do repairs but couldn't get it right. *ENTER Greg Zamora*. He comes over, walks into the backyard, looks around and says "we'll fix it". Dude wasn't joking. Rock-n-Block bought all new blocks, capstones, lights, etc and sent a huge crew to the house. They demoed everything and rebuilt it all. They even let us make a few minor changes to the initial design for free (changed shape of the retaining wall and added more lights under the capstones). Three and a half days later we got the backyard we had dreamed of. Everything is perfect. Shout-out to Gus and Miguel and their crew, they killed it! Guys were here early, worked hard, were meticulous, and cleaned up at the end of each day. Watching how much time they put into the grouting and how exact the stone cuts were, we new it was going to end well this time. Greg checked in multiple times to make sure we were happy with the progress and that we had no questions/concerns. Open communication, excellent quality of work, and ACTUALLY meaning it when they say "we aren't done until you are happy". To be honest, we were really surprised our backyard renovation story ended this way after the initial install. Had someone asked us a month ago if we would recommend Rock-n-Block we would have shook our head but NOW....not only would we recommend them, if we do any other yard renovations, they will be the first people we call.

Md dc

(5)

From Omar's initial consultation to Andrew's design expertise, Rock N Block made the entire process easy. The patio looks amazing! I love the turf, rock decorations, and everything else they did. The key was their attention to details, me and my family are very happy with their work!

Ying Xu

(5)

I interviewed a number of contractors and decided to use Rock N Block for my backyard project. Andrew was the project manager who came to my house to make an initial estimate, and he followed up with me every step of the way. Although I had to wait 3 weeks for my project to begin, there was no further delay from that point on. The crew showed up punctually at 7am every morning, and did the work exactly as described. The were able to finish the project from concrete demolition to final cleanup within 4 days. I would happily recommend this business to my neighbors.

Paco Healy

(5)

really good experience working with Greg and Eric they were both great from start to finish. they both were great communicators and took a lot of pride in their craft. my backyard was an eye sore and now it’s a whole new inviting space. our pup loves it too. thank you and Block team. highly recommended

Nikki White

(5)

Greg was super helpful and knowledgeable. The process was super quick and easy and communication about the turf project was great. I’m sooooo happy with how my front yard looks! I find myself just looking at how amazing it looks now!

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