Quad Bike Dubai Etiquette: Ride Clean, Ride Smart

 

Geography of United Arab Emirates

Continent	Asia
Region	Middle East
Coordinates	24°N 54°E / 24°N 54°E / 24; 54
Area	Ranked 114th
• Total	83,600 km2 (32,300 sq mi)
• Land	100%
• Water	0%
Coastline	1,318 km (819 mi)
Borders	total: 867 km (539 mi)
Highest point	Jebel Jais 1,892 m (6,207 ft)[1]
Lowest point	Persian Gulf 0 m
Longest river	None
Largest lake	Lake Zakher
Climate	arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Terrain	mountainous and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
Natural resources	petroleum, natural gas, marine resources
Natural hazards	haze, dust storms, sandstorms common
Environmental issues	limited natural freshwater resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
Exclusive economic zone	58,218 km2 (22,478 mi2)

The United Arab Emirates is situated in the Middle East and West Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia; it is at a strategic location along the northern approaches to the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil.^[2] The UAE lies between 22°50′ and 26° north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude.^[3] It shares a 19 km (12 mi) border with Qatar on the northwest, a 530 km (330 mi) border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a 450 km (280 mi) border with Oman on the southeast and northeast.^[3]

The land border with Qatar in the Khor Al Adaid area is a source of long-running dispute^[3] (in fact, whether it even shares a land border with Qatar is in dispute). The total area of the UAE is approximately 83,600 square kilometres (32,300 square miles).^[2] The country's exact size is unknown because of disputed claims to several islands in the Persian Gulf, because of the lack of precise information on the size of many of these islands, and because most of its land boundaries, especially with Saudi Arabia, remain undemarcated.^[3] The largest emirate, Abu Dhabi, accounts for 87 percent of the UAE's total area (72,732 km² (28,082 sq mi)).^[3] The smallest emirate, Ajman, encompasses only 259 km² (100 sq mi).^[3]

Boundaries

[edit]

The UAE stretches for more than 650 km (400 miles) along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf.^[3] Most of the coast consists of salt pans that extend far inland.^[3] A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 637 km² of tidal flats in the United Arab Emirates, making it the 40th ranked country in terms of tidal flat extent.^[4] The largest natural harbor is at Dubai, although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and elsewhere.^[3] Numerous islands are found in the Persian Gulf, and the ownership of some of them has been the subject of international disputes with both Iran and Qatar.^[3] The smaller islands, as well as many coral reefs and shifting sandbars, are a menace to navigation.^[3] Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship movements near the shore.^[3]

These northern emirates on the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman are part of the Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert ecoregion.^[5]

South and west of Abu Dhabi, vast, rolling sand dunes merge into the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter) of Saudi Arabia.^[3] The desert area of Abu Dhabi includes two important oases with adequate underground water for permanent settlements and cultivation.^[3] The extensive Liwa Oasis is in the south near the undefined border with Saudi Arabia, and about 200 km (120 miles) to the northeast is Al Buraymi Oasis, which extends on both sides of the Abu Dhabi-Oman border.^[3]

Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971, Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates in order to pre-empt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation.^[3] In general, the rulers of the emirates accepted the British intervention, but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and also between Dubai and Sharjah, conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became independent.^[3] The most complicated borders were in the Western Mountains, where five of the emirates contested jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves.^[3]

• 
  The coast of Abu Dhabi
• 
  An organised dune-bashing safari in the Emirate of Dubai

Mountains

[edit]

Main article: List of mountains in the United Arab Emirates

The UAE also extends for about 90 km (56 miles) along the Gulf of Oman, an area known as Al-Batinah coast.^[3] The Western Hajar Mountains (Jibāl Al-Ḥajar Al-Gharbī), rising in places to 2,500 m (8,200 ft), separate Al-Batinah coast from the rest of the UAE.^[3] Beginning at the UAE-Oman border on the Persian Gulf coast of the Ras Musandam (Musandam Peninsula), the Western Mountains extend southeastward for about 150 km (93 miles) to the southernmost UAE-Oman frontier on the Gulf of Oman.^[3] The range continues as the Eastern Hajar Mountains (Jibāl Al-Ḥajar Ash-Sharqī) for more than 500 km (310 miles) into Oman.^[3] The steep mountain slopes run directly to the shore in many places.^[3] Nevertheless, there are small harbors at Dibba Al-Hisn, Kalba, and Khor Fakkan on the Gulf of Oman.^[3] In the vicinity of Fujairah, where the mountains do not approach the coast, there are sandy beaches.^[3]

• 
  Jebel Hafeet near Al Ain in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi
• 
  The mountainous region of Al-Hajar Mountains near Hatta in northern UAE
• 
  Jabal ar Rahrah (1,691 m), Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah
• 
  Jabal Yibir (1,527 m), Emirate of Fujairah

Climate

[edit]

The climate of the UAE generally is very hot and sunny.^[3] The hottest months are July and August, when average maximum temperatures reach above 48 °C (118.4 °F) on the coastal plain.^[3] In the Western Hajar Mountains, temperatures are considerably cooler, a result of increased altitude.^[3] Average minimum temperatures in January and February are between 10 and 14 °C (50.0 and 57.2 °F).^[3] During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as the sharqi makes the coastal region especially unpleasant.^[3] The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than 120 mm (4.7 in), but in some mountainous areas annual rainfall often reaches 350 mm (13.8 in).^[3] Rain in the coastal region falls in short, torrential bursts during the summer months, sometimes resulting in floods in ordinarily dry wadi beds.^[3] The region is prone to occasional, violent dust storms, which can severely reduce visibility.^[3] The Jebel Jais mountain cluster in Ras Al Khaimah has experienced snow only four times (2004, 2009, 2017 and 2020) since records began.^[6][7]

Date palms, as well as acacia and eucalyptus trees, are commonly found growing at the region's oases. Within the desert itself, the flora is much more sparse and primarily consists of grasses and thornbushes.

The region's indigenous fauna had previously come close to extinction due to intensive hunting, which led to a 1970s conservation program on the Bani Yas island by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan; this resulted in the survival of Arabian oryxes and leopards, among others.^[13] The region's coastal fish consist mainly of mackerel, perch and tuna, as well as sharks and whales.

• 
  Acacia tortilis in Sharm-Dabna, Fujairah Emirate
• 
  Arabian oryx

Area:

• Total: 83,600 km² (32,300 sq mi)^[2]
• Land: 83,600 km² (32,300 sq mi)^[2]
• Water: 0 km^2[2]

Land boundaries:

• Total: 1,066 km (662 miles)^[2]
• Border countries: Oman 609 km (378 miles); Saudi Arabia 457 km (284 miles)^[2]

Coastline: 1,318 km (819 miles)^[2]

Maritime claims:

• Contiguous zone: 24 nmi (27.6 mi; 44.4 km)^[2]
• Continental shelf: 200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km) or to the edge of the continental margin^[2]
• Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km)^[2]
• Territorial sea: 12 nmi (13.8 mi; 22.2 km)^[2]

Elevation extremes:

• Lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m^[2]
• Highest point: Jebel Jais 1,934 m (6,345 ft)^[a][2]

• Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas^[2]
• Land use:^[2]
  • Arable land: 0.5%
  • Permanent crops: 0.5%
  • Permanent pasture: 3.6%
  • Forest: 4.5%^[16]
  • Other: 91.6% (2018)
  • Irrigated land: 923 km² (356 sq mi) (2012)
• Total renewable water resources: 150,000,000 cubic metres (5.3×10⁹ cu ft)^[2]

• Natural hazards: frequent sand and dust storms^[2]
• Environment - current issues: air pollution; rapid population growth and high energy demand contribute to water scarcity; lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil spills^[2]
• Environment - international agreements: party to:
  • Biodiversity, Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,^{[clarification needed]} Wetlands^{[clarification needed][2]}
  • Signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea^[2]

• List of United Arab Emirates-related topics
  • Geography of Dubai

 

The economy of Dubai's gross domestic product of the calendar year 2023 as of January 2024 is AED 429 billion ($USD 116.779 billion).^[1] Dubai has substantially transformed over the last couple of decades.^[2] More than 90% of the population are foreigners.^[2]

The International Herald Tribune described it as "centrally-planned free-market capitalism".^[3] Oil production, which once accounted for 50% of Dubai's gross domestic product, contributes less than 1% today.^[4] In 2018, wholesale and retail trade represented 26% of the total GDP; transport and logistics, 12%; banking, insurance activities and capital markets, 10%; manufacturing, 9%; real estate, 7%; construction, 6%; tourism, 5%.^[5][6]

Dubai became important ports of call for Western manufacturers. Most of the new city's banking and financial centres were headquartered in the port area. Dubai maintained its importance as a trade route through the 1970s and 1980s. The city of Dubai has a free trade in gold and until the 1990s was the hub of a "brisk smuggling trade" of gold ingots to India, where gold import was restricted.

Dubai has sought to boost itself as a tourism destination by building hotels and developing real estate. Port Jebel Ali, constructed in the 1970s, has the largest man-made harbor in the world, but is also increasingly developing as a hub for service industries such as IT and finance, with the new Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC). The Emirates airline was founded by the government in 1985 and is still state-owned; based at Dubai International Airport, it carried over 49.7 million passengers in 2015.^[7] The government has set up industry-specific free zones throughout the city in hopes of giving a boost to Dubai property. Internet access is restricted in most areas of Dubai with a proxy server filtering out sites deemed to be against cultural and religious values of the UAE.

Due to financial secrecy, low taxes, and valuable real estate, Dubai is an appealing destination for money launderers, criminals, corrupt political figures and sanctioned businesspeople to launder or hide money.^{[8][2][9][10][11][12]}

During the 2008 financial crisis, Dubai almost defaulted and, therefore, was obliged to downsize and restructure suffering state entities. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) stated in 2019 that Dubai's debt exceeded 100% of its GDP. Abu Dhabi rolled over a bailout loan of $20 billion to Dubai to save it.^[13][14][15]

Corporations

[edit]

During the first quarter of 2015, Dubai saw a 12.5% rise in the number of new registered companies as 9,317 new firms registered with the Dubai Trade, and this had brought the total number of registered companies in Dubai to 106,000.^[16]

Between January and August 2017, Dubai issued licenses for 249,000 businesses, making up 46.8% of the total number of licenses issued across the UAE during that period.^[17][18]

Main economic drivers

[edit]

Travel and tourism

[edit]

Main article: Tourism in Dubai

Tourism is a major economic source of income in Dubai and part of the Dubai government's strategy to maintain the flow of foreign cash into the emirates.^[19] The tourism sector contributed in 2017 about $41 billion to the GDP, making up 4.6% of the GDP, and provided some 570,000 jobs, accounting for 4.8% of total employment.^[20] The contribution of the sector to the GDP rose by 138% during the years 2007-2017.^[20]

The Dubai International Airport (DXB) recorded 83.6 million passengers in 2016,^[20][21] and 14.9 million visitors stayed in Dubai hotels in the same year, a rise of 5% from 2015.^[22][23]

Since the Abraham Accords peace agreement was signed on Sept. 15, 2020, over 50,000 Israelis visited the UAE as daily direct flights between Tel Aviv and Dubai were operated even during the COVID-19 pandemic as the two countries declared each other ‘green zones,' sparing travellers the quarantine periods.^{[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]} On Dec. 26, 2020, an order signed by Israel's Health Ministry Director-General Chezy Levy went into effect, requiring all returnees from Dubai to enter a 14-day quarantine.^[31][32]

Real estate and property

[edit]

The government's decision to diversify from a trade-based but oil-reliant economy^[33] to one that is service- and tourism-oriented resulted in the property boom from 2004 to 2008.^{[citation needed]} Construction on a large scale has turned Dubai into one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.^[34] The property boom is largely driven by megaprojects such as the off-shore Palm Islands and The World, and the inland Dubai Marina, Burj Khalifa complex, Dubai Waterfront, Business Bay, Dubailand and Jumeirah Village.

Dubai is home to skyscrapers such as Emirates Towers, which are the 12th and 24th tallest buildings in the world,^{[citation needed]} and the Burj-al-Arab hotel, located on its artificial island and currently the world's fifth tallest^[35] and most expensive^{[citation needed]} hotel.

Emaar Properties constructed the world's current tallest structure, the Burj Khalifa. The height of the skyscraper is 828 m (2,716.5  ft) tall, with 163 floors. Adjacent to Burj Khalifa is the Dubai Mall, which at the time of construction was the world's largest shopping mall.^{[citation needed]}

Also under construction is what is planned to become Dubai's new central business district, named Business Bay. The project, when completed, will feature 500 skyscrapers built around an artificial extension of the existing Dubai Creek. ^{[citation needed]}

In February 2005, the construction of Dubai Waterfront was announced, it will be 2½ times the size of Washington, D.C., roughly seven times the size of the island of Manhattan. Dubai Waterfront will be a mix of canals and islands full of hotels and residential areas that will add 800 km (500 mi) of man-made waterfront. It will also contain Al Burj, another one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Dubai has also launched Dubai Science Park (previously DuBiotech and merged with EnPark). This is a new business park to be targeted at biotechnology companies working in pharmaceuticals, medical fields, genetic research and biodefense.

One of Dubai's plans in 2006 was for a 30-story, 200-apartment skyscraper that will slowly rotate at its base, making a 360-degree revolution once a week. The world's first rotating skyscraper was to be in the center of the Dubailand complex.^[36]

The International Media Production Zone is a project targeted at creating a hub for printers, publishers, media production companies, and related industry segments. Launched in 2003, the project was scheduled to be completed in 2006.

In May 2006 the Bawadi was announced, with a planned 27 billion US-dollar investment intended to increase Dubai's number of hotel rooms by 29,000, doubling it from the current figure offers now. The largest complex was to be called "Asia, Asia" and was planned to be the largest hotel in the world with more than 6,500 rooms.^{[citation needed]}

The first villa freehold properties that were occupied by non-UAE nationals were The Meadows, The Springs, and The Lakes (high-end neighborhoods designed by Emaar Properties, collectively called Emirates Hills).

Expatriates of various nationalities brought capital into Dubai in the early 2000s. Iranian expatriates were estimated to have invested up to $200 billion in Dubai.^[37] From 2005 to 2009, trade between Dubai and Iran tripled to $12 billion.^[38]

Dubai nationals have also purchased real estate in New York City and London. Purchases in 2005 included New York's 230 Park Avenue (formerly known as the New York Central Building or the Helmsley Building) and Essex House on Central Park South.^[39]

The Dubai property boom of the mid-2000s peaked in 2008 and plummeted in a wave of activity that saw large-scale projects, including partially completed properties, abandoned. Many developers failed, while others, including those with government backing, entered into debt-restructuring deals with their lenders. By 2012 the market began picking up steam again. 2013 was a stellar year with prices accelerating significantly, however, the government and industry players began putting in place measures that would safeguard against another bubble developing. One notable difference is the number of cash buyers compared to those in previous years who borrowed heavily. Part of the reason for the current cash surge is the influx of investment from troubled countries.^[40]

In September 2013, the Dubai Land Department increased property transfer fees from 2 to 4%.^[41] In early 2014 the government regulator imposed restrictions on outside-companies acquiring real estate in the emirate, insisting such companies had to have a presence in Dubai, and had to be owned by a natural person or persons, and not by another company. The measures were largely seen as a means to dampen speculation in property prices.^[42]

Major real estate companies in Dubai actively attract new investors from abroad, concluding partnerships with real estate portals and investment foundations. In 2018, Ellington Properties signed a partnership with Beike, one of the major China real estate listing portals. As per the agreement, Beike "will build awareness of Ellingtons premium Dubai real estate offering to Chinese investors"^[43]

In July 2019, more than 500 people lost their jobs following an economic downfall observed in the second quarter of 2019, following which Jumeirah Group LLC implemented job cuts. Dubai's economy weighs in on its tourism sector. Hotel occupancy fell to 67% in the second quarter of 2019, the lowest second-quarter occupancy since 2009.^[44] JLL predicted at the time that "further declines in performance are expected over the next 12 months before the hotel market recovers on the back of strong visitor arrivals growth associated with Expo 2020."^[45]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, real estate prices and overall demand for property dropped in 2020. Cavendish Maxwell, a realty consultancy, found that apartment prices in Dubai fell 12% from Q1 2019 to Q1 2020.^[46] In contrast, the estate agent firm Chestertons saw the rental market perform better, with an average decrease of only 1.5% in apartment rental prices in Q1 2020.^[47]

In January 2023, it was reported that Dubai's property transactions hit a record high by the end of 2022, which surpassed the records of the year 2009. The hike was said to be partly a result of Dubai capitalizing on the Russia-Ukraine crisis. Waves of Russian nationals were said to have flooded Dubai to reside and invest their capital into the Emirates property market, safeguarding it from international sanctions. Hussain Sajwani, Chairman of DAMAC claimed that an estimated 15% of his customers constituted of Russian nationals.^[48]

Property prices in Dubai increased following the February 2022 Ukraine invasion, as wealthy Russian nationals started making high investments in the Emirati real estate. The EU Tax Observatory and Norway's Centre for Tax Research revealed that Russian Investment in Dubai's developing and in-development properties since 2022 was around $6.3 billion. Knight Frank claimed that Dubai property prices increased 124% since 2020. Real estate experts revealed that rising property prices forced British expatriates to search property somewhere else, including nearby places like Ras Al Khaimah.^[49]

In February 2025, it was asserted that Dubai could face issues as its popularity led to increasing tourist arrivals and growing population in the state. There was a record hike in real estate transactions and in bookings on the Emirates airline. Consequently, the congestion in Dubai worsened and property prices also went up. In 2024, rental prices increased by 20% in some key resident areas. Thomas Edelmann, managing director of the RoadSafetyUAE, said convincing and getting people to Dubai is easier than building the new intersection or highways.^[50]

The transport sector is one of the main drivers of economic growth in Dubai.^[51] The value of the transport and storage sector reached $12.5 billion in 2017, accounting for 11.2% of Dubai's economy.^[52][53]

In 2018, the sector was the second-largest contributor to the total GDP, contributing $48.8 billion to GDP - 12.3% of the total GDP, an increase of 2.1% from $47.7 billion in 2017.^[51]

Since 2000, Dubai's municipality has initiated construction phases in the city, predominantly in the Mina Seyahi area, located further from Jumeirah, towards Jebel Ali.^[54] This has come at a cost however. Dubai ( and UAE ) construction companies employ low-wage labourers from Asia for up to 12 hours a day, six or seven days a week.^[55] These workers often have their passports withheld and are threatened if they speak to media. During the 1990s and 2000s, many workers staged protests and those who were expats were deported.^[56][57]

In 2002 a change was made to the law allowing non-nationals of the UAE to own property (not land) in Dubai as fee simple, and 99-year leases are sold to people with ownership remaining with private companies. Property companies include Nakheel Properties, Emaar Properties and Ellington Properties. Rent rises were capped at 7% per annum up to 2007 under a directive from Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. Legislation in this area is still developing as the property market for foreigners is relatively new.

Property prices in Dubai have experienced a downfall since 2014. A difference of more than 25 percent has been noted. More than two-year ago Dubai's Creek Tower construction started, but no completion date is in sight yet. A cutback on the construction project has come into the scene since followed by realty developers postponing supplier payments. Consultancy firms like JLL cite the falling property prices to continue in 2019.^[58] Despite the economic slump and a relatively slower growth expectation, the estimated cost of Expo 2020 construction has reached AED38 billion ($10.3 billion).^[59]

The information and communications technology (ICT) sector accounted for 4.1% of Dubai's real GDP in 2018.^[60]

Dubai is one of the world's largest diamond trading hubs alongside Antwerp.^[61][62][63] It handled in $35 billion worth of rough and polished diamonds in 2010, a surge from $3 million a decade earlier.^[64][65] In the first half of 2011, Dubai traded $25.3 billion, a 55% rise from the first half of 2010.^[66][67]

Dubai has become the world's third largest diamond trading hub, with trade of rough and cut diamonds increasing since 2001. The emirate's diamond trade was virtually nonexistent at the beginning of the 2000s, but was worth nearly $35 billion in 2013 and 2014.^[68] The emirate has been able to leverage off its geographical position between major supplies of mined diamonds in Africa, to the main cutting centres in India and further east in China. There is also a perception of Dubai as a buying hub for consumers of diamonds jewellery, due to the large number of jewellers in the emirate and the tax-free business regime.^[68] The customs duties of 1% in 2011 contributed to the UAE's competing with traditional diamond centers.^[22] In 2018, the UAE rolled back the 5% value added tax (VAT) for wholesale diamond investors.^[69][70][71]

The diamond trading takes on an exchange managed by the Dubai Multi Commodities Centre, with many of the industry participants housed in office space in the Almas Tower in the JLT business cluster.^[72] Facilities there include Kimberley Process Certification offices and access to secure transportation agencies such as Brinks and Transguard, in addition to networking and meeting rooms.^{[73][unreliable source?]} The DMCC houses over a thousand precious stone companies, both Emirati and foreign.^[74][75][76]

In September 2019, the Dubai Multi Commodities Center launched the world's largest trading floor, with 41 fully-secured tables and high-level security measures, at the Dubai Diamond Exchange (DDE) in the Almas Tower.^[22]

Right after the UAE-Israeli accord, Israeli diamond trader Zvi Shimshi launched a company in Dubai and 37 other Israeli contacted the DMCC to establish a presence in Dubai.^[77] Later in 2020, the DMCC launched a representative outpost in the Israel Diamond Exchange (IDE) to strengthen trading relations between the two markets and help Israeli businesses establish a presence in Dubai.^[78]  

Trade in gold grew during the 1940s due to Dubai's free trade policies that encouraged entrepreneurs from India and Iran to set up stores in the Dubai Gold Souk. Despite a general slump in the global gold market, Dubai's share of value of trade in gold and diamonds to its total non-oil direct trade increased from 18% in 2003, to 24% in 2004. In 2003, the value of trade in gold in Dubai was approximately Dh. 21 billion (US$5.8 billion), while trade in diamonds was approximately Dh. 25 billion (US$7 billion) in 2005. India is Dubai's largest buyer of gold, accounting for approximately 23% of the emirate's total gold trade in 2005. Switzerland was Dubai's largest supplier of gold ingots, wastes and scrap. Similarly, India accounted for approximately 68% of all diamond-related trade in Dubai; Belgium's share in Dubai's diamond trade was about 13% (2005).^[79]

In 2014, Dubai, accounted for about 25% of the world's annual gold trade, competing with Shanghai and London.^[80]

A June 2019 report by The Wall Street Journal reported, the government of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro sold 7.4 tons of gold ingots, worth $300 million through illicit channels to evade United States sanctions. In March 2019, the billions passed through African Gold Refinery (AGR) in Uganda, and were later exported to Dubai.^[81]

A Reuters investigation in 2019 revealed that billions of dollars' worth of gold was smuggled from Africa to Dubai.^[82][83] As per customs data retrieved by Reuters, the UAE imported $15.1 billion worth of gold from Africa in 2016, a surge from $1.3 billion in 2006. However, much of the exported gold was not recorded by African states.^[83]

The London Bullion Market Association (LMBA) threatened in a Nov. 2020 letter to ban countries with large gold markets, including the UAE, from entering the mainstream market if they fail to meet regulatory standards.^[84] While the letter did not specify a center, four people involved in drafting it said its main focus was the gold industry in Dubai.^[84]

The UAE became a major trade hub for Russian gold, following the international sanctions affecting Moscow's export routes. The largest handlers of Russian Gold exports to the UAE was a Dubai subsidiary of French Logistics, Temis Luxury Middle East. It imported 15.6 tonnes valued at $863 million midway of 24 February 2022 and 3 March 2023. Other largest handlers of gold shipped in the UAE in the year to 3 March 2023 included Shams Gold Trading with 8 tonnes, Privilege Group DMCC with 7.5 tonnes, Al Aseel Jewellery LLC with 5.3 tonnes and Paloma Precious DMC with 5.1 tonnes.^[85]

Dubai is also home to some significant industrial ventures in energy production through DEWA,^[86] although this is primarily water and power production for Dubai. In the aluminum industry Emirates Global Aluminum produces 2.4 million tonnes of aluminum per year (~$3.8B USD in revenue). Investments were made in car manufacturing with Zarooq Motors; the start of UAE car industry. Production and sales were due to begin in 2016 but seem to have run into some trouble insofar as no cars have actually been manufactured.^[87] Dubai Ports is also an example of industrialization in Dubai.

In 2002, Dubai allowed foreigners to own real estate, and the global real estate consulting firm Jones Lang LaSalle named Dubai, along with Dublin and Las Vegas, its "World Winning City," a research program aimed at identifying the future's most attractive property markets.^[88]

Dubai's Department of Economic Development issued on June 3, 2021 guidelines stating that it was no longer compulsory for foreign investors to have Emirati partners or specify a quota ratio for them, which means that foreigners have been allowed full ownership of businesses in Dubai, in order to boost the economy after the COVID-19 recession.^[89][90] As soon as the decision was issued in June 2021, investors in Dubai took advantage of it.^[89][91][90]

Capital Economics, a UK-based consultancy firm, described Dubai as "the most vulnerable of the economies in the Middle East and North Africa to the economic damage from such (lockdown) measures" and speculated that the emirate's economy would "contract by at least 5-6%" in 2020 if the measures were still in force until the summer.^[92]

The COVID-19 pandemic led to several years of declining revenues for Dubai's most important sectors.^[92]

In April 2020, an estimate of 70% of Dubai's companies expected to go out of business by November 2020 due to the COVID-19 lockdowns, according to a survey by the Dubai Chamber of Commerce.^[93] Half of the restaurants and hotels included in the survey, as well as about 74% of travel and tourism companies and 30% of transport, storage, and communications companies, expected to go out of business within a month.^[93]

Expo 2020, which was expected to attract 25 million visitors to Dubai, stimulate the economy, and mark the start of 50 years of achievements, was postponed to Oct. 1, 2021 due to the pandemic and associated travel restrictions.^[94]

• Dubai World
• Economy of the United Arab Emirates
• Human rights in the United Arab Emirates
• The National Sukuk Program

• Media related to Economy of Dubai at Wikimedia Commons
• UAE Banking Digest