Hvac Repair Near Me: Professional Cooling System Remediation Can Enhance Your Home'S Comfort Rapidly And Effectively

Common Ac System Issues

Is your air conditioner suddenly sounding like a far-off thunderstorm? Or possibly the cool breeze has become a faint whisper? These are traditional signs that your system requires some severe a/c unit repair work. Every summer season, countless homeowners deal with concerns that freeze their convenience and surge their disappointment.

Here's a quick rundown of the most regular offenders behind an ailing AC:

• Refrigerant Leaks-- When the coolant escapes, your air conditioning can't chill the air successfully.
• Filthy Filters-- A clogged filter strangles airflow, triggering uneven cooling and higher energy expenses.
• Frozen Coils-- Ever seen ice develop on your unit? This often indicates blocked airflow or low refrigerant levels.
• Thermostat Malfunctions-- Often, the problem isn't the air conditioner but the brain managing it.
• Electrical Failures-- Faulty circuitry or worn parts can cause unexpected shutdowns or erratic habits.

Remember the last scorching day when your air conditioner provided up? It's not just bothersome; it can turn your home into an oven. Imagine a team stepping in quickly, diagnosing the glitch with precision, and restoring your sanctuary's chill in no time. That's the type of air conditioning system repair work service that transforms headaches into relief.

Could a flickering thermostat be the sneaky culprit taking your comfort? Or perhaps a hidden electrical fault silently sabotaging your system? Bold City Heating and Air takes on these challenges head-on, guaranteeing your air conditioning system hums efficiently and efficiently. - Bold City Heating and Air

Why opt for unforeseeable cooling when a professional touch can bring consistent, rejuvenating air back into your life? The science of air conditioning system repair work isn't simply about repairing devices-- it has to do with restoring comfort on the most popular days of the year.

Vital Tools for Detecting and Fixing Air Conditioners

When an a/c system sputters or unexpectedly stops cooling, the very first instinct may be to panic. But the real secret lies in the accuracy instruments. Bold City Heating and Air a specialist wields to detect the root cause quickly. Ever question why some service technicians appear to fix complicated issues in a breeze? It's everything about having the right tools-- from the modest to the extremely specialized

Key Instruments in the AC Repair Work Toolbox

• Manifold Gauge Set: Consider this as the technician's stethoscope. It determines pressure in the refrigerant lines, revealing leaks or clogs that undetectable to the naked eye.
• Multimeter: Electricity flows are tricky; this tool reads voltage, present, and resistance, ensuring every electrical part is humming as it should.
• Leak Detector: Finding even the smallest refrigerant leaks can save a system from premature failure. This tool ferrets out unnoticeable gas getting away from seals or coils.
• Fin Comb: Bent fins on the condenser coil can choke airflow. A simple fin comb straightens these blades, bring back effectiveness without replacing parts.
• Vacuum Pump: Before recharging refrigerant, the system typically requires evacuation of air and moisture, a step critical for longevity and efficiency.

Why Bold City Heating and Air Excels

Bold City Heating and Air understands the fragile dance between these tools and the elaborate equipment of your cooling system. They approach every repair with a keen eye and a well-stocked toolbox. It's not almost fixing what's broken; it has to do with avoiding future hiccups through expert medical diagnosis and accuracy.

Pro Tips from the Field

1. Constantly calibrate your manifold evaluates before usage; a tiny error in pressure reading can result in misdiagnosis.
2. Do not neglect the importance of a tidy work environment-- dust and particles can toss off delicate electrical readings.
3. When managing refrigerant, security is critical. Usage gloves and safety glasses, and make sure correct ventilation.
4. Utilize a thermal imaging camera to identify hotspots or cold areas in circuitry and coils that may not be noticeable otherwise.

Could there be a more fascinating blend of science and craft than the tools utilized in air conditioning repair work? Each tool tells a story, and with Bold City Heating and Air, that story is always one of swift, effective solutions and renewed comfort.

Dissecting the Heart of Your A/c Unit

Ever questioned what really happens when your a/c unit repair work begins? It's not almost slapping on a new filter or topping off refrigerant. The real art depends on a methodical, careful detailed repair work process that Bold City Heating and Air has actually mastered. They comprehend that each system narrates-- sometimes a whisper of a faulty capacitor, other times a shout from a clogged condenser coil.

Step 1: Diagnostic Deep Dive

The procedure begins with a comprehensive diagnostic that digs underneath surface symptoms. Is the system blowing warm air? Exists an unusual noise, like a ghost in the maker? Bold City professionals utilize innovative tools to determine electrical currents, refrigerant levels, and airflow patterns. This isn't guesswork-- it's precision.

Action 2: Identifying the Root Cause

As soon as the diagnostic puzzle is total, the true perpetrator emerges (Bold City Heating and Air). Could it be a compressor having a hard time against low refrigerant? Or a thermostat that's lost its marbles? Bold City Heating and Air masters determining the specific part causing the misstep, avoiding unneeded part replacements

Step 3: Tactical Repair Execution

1. Power down the system safely to avoid any shocks or damage.
2. Get rid of and examine the defective part-- whether it's a fan motor, capacitor, or evaporator coil.
3. Perform exact repairs or replacements utilizing OEM-equivalent parts.
4. Reassemble the unit making sure all connections are tight and sealed.

Step 4: Rigorous Efficiency Testing

After repair work, the unit goes through a battery of tests. Bold City Heating and Air doesn't simply change it on; they measure temperature differentials and air flow rates to validate optimal energy efficiency. This action warranties your system will not simply run-- it'll move through the sweltering days like a breeze.

Pro Tips from the Trenches

• Inspect the condenser coil frequently-- dust and particles can turn a cool maker into a sweatbox.
• Listen for humming or clicking sounds. These subtle signals frequently precede larger failures.
• Keep an eye on your unit's cycle period; uncommonly brief or long cycles might mean underlying issues.

Identifying the Quiet Strain: Why Preventive Upkeep Matters

Ever noticed how an air conditioning unit can unexpectedly sputter and sigh, as if gasping for breath in the thick summertime heat? The fact is, a clogged air filter or a disregarded coil can silently stealth their way into your system, leading to inefficient cooling and unanticipated breakdowns. Bold City Heating and Air recognizes these subtle whispers of distress before they escalate into full-blown malfunctions, comprehending that each skipped tune-up inches your system more detailed to failure.

Expert Tips to Keep Your A/c in Top Forming

• Tidy or Replace Filters Regular Monthly: Dust and particles aren't simply annoyances-- they choke air flow and force your compressor to overexert.
• Check the Refrigerant Levels: Low refrigerant can turn your cooling dreams into a lukewarm nightmare, sapping energy and straining parts.
• Check Electrical Links: Loose wires or corroded contacts may stimulate unexpected interruptions or fire threats.
• Clear the Condensate Drain: Blockages here welcome water damage and mold growth, silently undermining your system's health.

Why Regimen Tune-Ups Are a Game-Changer

Consider your air conditioner like a finely tuned instrument. Without regular adjustments, it falls out of consistency, developing discord in your home's convenience. Bold City Heating and Air dives deep, not just skimming surfaces however carefully inspecting every nook-- from the evaporator coils to the blower motor. This proactive stance avoids the surprise of system failures during the most popular days, turning potential catastrophes into mere footnotes.

of consistent coolness. Bold City Heating and Air does not simply fix-- they prepare for, adjusting their expertise to the unique needs your system faces. Keep in mind, worldwide of air conditioning system repair, insight is your coolest ally. Specialist Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL Jacksonville, FL, is the biggest city by land location in the adjoining United States and boasts a population that makes it a lively city center in

Northeast Florida. Known for its extensive park system,

lovely Atlantic beaches, and a bustling riverfront, Jacksonville uses a distinct mix of city and outside lifestyle. The city is likewise a center for commerce, culture, and sports, hosting numerous professional sports teams and many cultural festivals throughout the year. If you require help with air conditioner repair work, they encourage you to reach out to Bold City Heating and Air for a totally free consultation and professional recommendations customized to your cooling requirements.

• 32206: 32206 is a zip code encompassing a diverse region of Jacksonville FL. It comprises Arlington, recognized for its mid-century architecture and convenient entry to downtown.
• 32207: 32207 is a zip code encompassing parts of Jacksonville's Southside, known for its blend of residential areas and commercial developments. It includes diverse neighborhoods and convenient access to major roadways. Jacksonville FL
• 32208: 32208 is a postal code including parts of Jacksonville FL's South Side, recognized for its blend of residential areas and commercial centers. It also includes famous places like the Avenues Mall and adjacent business parks.
• 32209: 32209 is a zip code including parts of Arlington, a big and diverse residential area in Jacksonville FL. It provides a combination of housing options, parks, and easy entry to city center.
• 32210: 32210 is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, famous for its mix of residential areas and businesses. It provides a useful location with easy access to major roadways and local amenities.
• 32211: The 32211 postal code is a zip code primarily covering the Arlington district of Jacksonville FL. It is a sizable residential district with a combination of housing options, retail businesses, and parks.
• 32099: The 32099 ZIP code encompasses Ponte Vedra Beach, a coastal community recognized for its high-end homes and golf courses. It offers beautiful beaches and a laid-back, resort-like atmosphere.
• 32201: 32201 is a downtown Jacksonville FL postal code including the city center. It includes sites such as the Jacksonville Landing and historic buildings.
• 32202: The 32202 ZIP code is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its historical allure and eclectic community. It provides a blend of homes, shops, and cultural sites.
• 32203: 32203 is a zip code encompassing a big part of Jacksonville FL's downtown district and nearby communities. It contains several historic buildings, businesses, and housing districts along the St. Johns River.
• 32204: The 32204 zip code is a zip code encompassing the neighborhood of Ortega in Jacksonville FL. It is a historical and wealthy area known because of its shoreline properties and oak-lined streets.
• 32205: 32205 is a zip code encompassing a large part of Jacksonville FL's urban core, containing the historical Riverside and Avondale neighborhoods. Known for its lively arts scene, varied architecture, and pedestrian-friendly streets, 32205 presents a blend of housing, business, and leisure spaces.
• 32212: 32212 is a zip code encompassing parts of Jacksonville FL's Southside, known for its blend of housing developments and business districts. It offers a range of housing options, shopping, and dining experiences.
• 32214: This ZIP code is a zip code covering parts of Jacksonville's Southside, recognized for its mix of residential areas and commercial developments. It provides a mixture of suburban living with convenient access to shopping, dining, and major roadways.
• 32215: 32215 is a zip code including a few neighborhoods within Jacksonville FL's Southside region. It's known for a mix of housing areas, business centers, and closeness to important roads.
• 32216: That ZIP code is a zip code including parts of Jacksonville's Southside, noted for its combination of residential areas and commercial developments. It provides a suburban atmosphere with convenient access to shopping, dining, and major roadways.
• 32217: 32217 is a zip code encompassing a big portion of Mandarin, a suburb in Jacksonville FL known for its scenic waterfront scenes. It features a mix of residential areas, parks, and commercial developments along the St. Johns River.
• 32218: 32218 is a zip code encompassing parts of the Southside neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. It's a primarily residential area with a combination of apartments, condos, and single-family houses.
• 32227: The 32227 zip code includes the Jacksonville Beach area, providing a mix of residential neighborhoods and beachfront attractions. It is known for its calm coastal lifestyle and popular surfing spots. Jacksonville FL
• 32228: 32228 is a zip code encompassing the Jacksonville FL area. It's known for its sandy shores, vibrant boardwalk, and oceanfront recreational activities.
• 32229: 32229 is a zip code including the Arlington district of Jacksonville FL. It is a large residential and commercial district situated east of the St. Johns River.
• 32235: 32235 is a zip code primarily encompassing the Arlington area of Jacksonville FL. It is a large residential area with a combination of homes, retail, and business businesses.
• 32236: 32236 is a zip code encompassing the Ocean Way and NewBerlin neighborhoods in Jacksonville FL. It's a mainly housing area known for its residential character and closeness to the Jacksonville International Airport.
• 32237: That ZIP code is a zip code encompassing a part of Jacksonville's Southside area. It's known for a mix of housing neighborhoods, business centers, and closeness to the University of North Florida.
• 32238: 32238 is a zip code encompassing sections of Jacksonville FL's Southside, known because of its mix of residential areas and commercial developments. It includes well-known shopping malls, office complexes, and varied housing options.
• 32239: 32239 is a zip code covering the Kernan area of Jacksonville FL. It is a burgeoning residential area with a variety of housing selections and easy access to amenities.
• 32240: 32240 is a zip code including the Argyle Forest neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. This locale is recognized for its welcoming environment and suburban development.
• 32241: 32241 is a Jacksonville FL zip code covering the Southside Estates area. It's a primarily residential section with a combination of housing options and easy access to major highways.
• 32244: 32244 is a zip code encompassing the Jacksonville Beaches area. It covers Neptune Beach, Atlantic Beach, and some of Jacksonville Beach.
• 32219: 32219 is a zip code associated with the Mandarin area in Jacksonville FL. It's a big residential area known for its blend of long-standing communities and more recent projects.
• 32220: The 32220 area code is a zip code including the Argyle Forest neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. It's a mainly residential area recognized for its family-friendly atmosphere and easy access to shopping and dining.
• 32221: 32221 is a zip code including parts of Jacksonville FL's Southside, recognized for its blend of housing developments and business parks. It includes communities like Baymeadows and Deerwood, providing a variety of housing and retail choices.
• 32222: That zip code in Jacksonville, FL comprises the Beach Haven and South Beach communities. It's known for its proximity to the coast and housing communities.
• 32223: 32223 is a zip code including the tangerine neighborhood of Jacksonville FL. It is a big residential area famous for its history, parks, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
• 32224: 32224 is a zip code including Jacksonville Beach, a coastal community famous for its grainy beaches. Residents and tourists alike enjoy riding waves, angling, and a energetic boardwalk scene in Jacksonville FL.
• 32225: 32225 is a zip code encompassing Jacksonville FL's Southside area, recognized for its mix of residential areas, business hubs, and closeness to the St. Johns River. It offers a blend of suburban living with convenient entry to shopping, dining, and recreational activities.
• 32226: 32226 is a zip code covering the Southside neighborhood of Jacksonville FL. It is a large, varied area known because of its commercial centers, housing developments, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
• 32230: 32230 is a zip code covering the Jacksonville FL communities of Arlington and Fort Caroline. This area provides a mix of housing developments, parks, and historical sites.
• 32231: 32231 is the zip code for Mandarin, a large suburban community in Jacksonville FL known for its history and picturesque views along the St. Johns River. It offers a mix of housing developments, parks, and commercial centers.
• 32232: 32232 is the zip code for the Kernan area of Jacksonville FL. It's a developing suburban area recognized for its housing areas and closeness to the beach.
• 32234: 32234 is the zip code of the Mandarin community in Jacksonville FL. It is a big residential location known for its past, parks, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
• 32245: 32245 is a zip code encompassing a few neighborhoods in Jacksonville FL, such as the wealthy Deerwood area recognized for its gated communities and the large St. Johns Town Center retail and restaurant destination. Residents enjoy a combination of upscale living, retail convenience, and closeness to major roadways.
• 32246: 32246 is a zip code covering the Hodges Boulevard area in Jacksonville FL. It's a mainly residential area with a mix of home choices and commercial developments.
• 32247: 32247 is a zip code encompassing the Mandarin area in Jacksonville FL. It's a large residential area known for its historic roots, riverfront views, and family-friendly environment.
• 32250: 32250 is a zip code covering a portion of Jacksonville's in FL Southside, recognized for its mix of housing areas and business expansions. It includes sections of the Baymeadows area, providing a variety of accommodation choices and easy entry to shopping and restaurants.
• 32254: 32254 is a postal code covering parts of Jacksonville's Southside, recognized for its blend of residential areas and commercial developments. It includes the popular Deerwood Park and Tinseltown areas.
• 32255: 32255 is a postal code covering various communities in Jacksonville FL's south side area. It features a combination of residential areas, business hubs, and proximity to main highways.
• 32256: 32256 is a postal code including parts of the South Side area in Jacksonville FL. It provides a mix of residential areas, shopping areas, and entertainment options.
• 32257: 32257 is a zip code encompassing the Kernan and Hodges Boulevards area of Jacksonville FL. This region is known for its housing communities, shopping centers, and closeness to the University of North Florida.
• 32258: 32258 is a zip code covering portions of Jacksonville FL's south side, recognized for domestic areas and commercial developments. It covers communities like Baymeadows and Deer Wood, offering a blend of housing choices and handy entrance to shopping and dining.
• 32260: That zip code is a zip code covering Jacksonville FL's Southside area. It includes a mix of housing, commercial developments, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
• 32277: 32277 is the zip code for Jacksonville FL, a coastal community recognized for its grainy shores and vibrant boardwalk. It provides a mix of residential areas, hotels, restaurants, and recreational activities.

1. Downtown Jacksonville: Downtown Jacksonville represents the main commercial area of Jacksonville, Florida, known for its vibrant mix of historic architecture and state-of-the-art skyscrapers. It features cultural attractions, waterfront parks, and a variety of dining and entertainment options.
2. Southside: Southside is a lively district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its blend of neighborhoods, shopping centers, and commercial centers. It offers a combination of city convenience and suburban ease, making it a popular area for families and professionals.
3. Northside: Northside is a extensive district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its mixed communities and factory areas. It features a mix of residential neighborhoods, parks, and commercial zones, supporting the city's growth and development.
4. Westside: Westside is a dynamic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its diverse community and deep cultural heritage. It features a mix of residential areas, small businesses, and parks, offering a distinctive blend of metropolitan and suburban lifestyle.
5. Arlington: Arlington is a dynamic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its mix of housing communities and business districts. It features green spaces, shopping centers, and access to the St. Johns River, making it a popular area for households and nature lovers.
6. Mandarin: Mandarin remains a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its picturesque riverfront views and charming small-town atmosphere. It offers lush parks, local shops, and a rich cultural heritage dating back to the 19th century.
7. San Marco: San Marco is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic architecture and quaint town center. It offers a mix of unique shops, restaurants, and cultural attractions, making it a well-liked destination for residents and visitors alike.
8. Riverside: Riverside is a lively community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic architecture and bustling arts scene. It offers a variety of distinctive shops, restaurants, and picturesque riverfront parks, making it a favored destination for locals and visitors alike.
9. Avondale: Avondale is a charming neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its heritage architecture and vibrant local shops. It offers a blend of residential areas, upscale restaurants, and cultural attractions along the St. Johns River.
10. Ortega: Ortega is a historic and scenic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its attractive waterfront homes and tree-lined streets. It offers a charming blend of classic Southern architecture and contemporary amenities, making it a desirable residential area.
11. Murray Hill: Murray Hill is a vibrant historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its appealing bungalows and eclectic local businesses. It offers a blend of residential comfort and a vibrant arts and dining scene, making it a well-liked destination for residents and visitors alike.
12. Springfield: Springfield is a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its quaint early 20th-century architecture and dynamic community. It features a mix of residential homes, local businesses, and cultural attractions, making it a popular area for both residents and visitors.
13. East Arlington: East Arlington is a vibrant neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its diverse community and convenient access to retail and recreational areas. It features a blend of residential homes, green spaces, and shops, making it a attractive place to live.
14. Fort Caroline: Fort Caroline is a historic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its deep colonial history and proximity to the site of the 16th-century French fort. It includes a combination of residential areas, parks, and cultural landmarks that showcase its heritage.
15. Greater Arlington: Greater Arlington in Jacksonville, FL, is a dynamic district known for its neighborhoods, retail hubs, and recreational areas. It offers a combination of suburban lifestyle with convenient access to the Jacksonville downtown and waterfront locations.
16. Intracoastal West: Intracoastal West is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its beautiful waterways and close proximity to the Intracoastal Waterway. It offers a combination of homes and businesses, providing a special mix of urban convenience and natural charm.
17. Jacksonville Beaches: Jacksonville Beaches stands as a lively coastal locale in Jacksonville, FL, famous for its stunning sandy shores and laid-back atmosphere. It features a blend of housing areas, local shops, and fun things to do along the Atlantic Ocean.
18. Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach is a pleasant coastal neighborhood located in Jacksonville FL, known for its beautiful beaches and relaxed atmosphere. It offers a combination of housing areas, local shops, and dining options, making it a favored destination for both residents and visitors.
19. Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach is a seaside community located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its gorgeous beaches and calm atmosphere. It offers a combination of residential areas, local shops, and outdoor recreational activities along the Atlantic Ocean.
20. Jackson Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a lively beachside community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its beautiful sandy shores and energetic boardwalk. It offers a mix of residential neighborhoods, local shops, restaurants, and recreational activities, making it a well-liked destination for both residents and visitors.
21. Baldwin: Baldwin is a modest town located within Duval County, near Jacksonville FL, Florida, known for its traditional charm and close-knit community. It features a mix of neighborhoods, local businesses, and scenic parks, offering a peaceful, suburban atmosphere.
22. Oceanway: Oceanway is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its suburban atmosphere and kid-friendly amenities. It features a range of housing options, parks, and local businesses, making it a well-liked area for residents seeking a community-oriented environment.
23. South Jacksonville: South Jacksonville is a vibrant district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its housing areas and small businesses. It offers a blend of old-world charm and modern amenities, making it a favored area for households and working individuals.
24. Deerwood: Deerwood is a notable neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its luxury residential communities and well-maintained green spaces. It offers a mix of elegant homes, golf courses, and convenient access to shopping and dining options.
25. Baymeadows: Baymeadows is a lively district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its blend of residential neighborhoods and commercial areas. It offers a selection of shopping, dining, and recreational options, making it a popular destination for locals and visitors alike.
26. Bartram Park: Bartram Park is a vibrant neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its up-to-date residential communities and closeness to nature. It offers a blend of urban amenities and outdoor recreational options, making it a popular choice for families and professionals.
27. Nocatee: Nocatee is a designed community located near Jacksonville, FL, known for its kid-friendly atmosphere and comprehensive amenities. It features parks, paths, and recreational facilities, making it a preferred choice for residents seeking a vibrant suburban lifestyle.
28. Brooklyn: Brooklyn is a vibrant district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its classic charm and tight-knit community. It offers a blend of houses, enterprises, and heritage sites that showcase the area's rich heritage.
29. LaVilla: LaVilla is a historic area in Jacksonville FL, recognized because of its rich cultural heritage and vibrant arts environment. Once a flourishing African American community, it had a significant role in the urban music and entertainment past.
30. Durkeeville: Durkeeville is a historic in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its strong African American heritage and thriving community. It features a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that demonstrate its strong foundation in the city's history.
31. Fairfax: Fairfax is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic charm and friendly community. It features a mix of houses, small businesses, and green spaces, offering a inviting atmosphere for locals and guests alike.
32. Lackawanna: Lackawanna is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quiet streets and friendly atmosphere. It features a mix of private residences and local businesses, contributing to its small-town feel within the city.
33. New Town: New Town is a noted neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, famous for its strong community spirit and deep cultural heritage. It offers a blend of residential areas, local businesses, and community organizations collaborating to improve and improve the district.
34. Panama Park: Panama Park is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its calm streets and neighborly atmosphere. It offers simple access to local facilities and parks, making it an appealing area for households and working individuals.
35. Talleyrand: Talleyrand is a historical neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its living charm and proximity to the St. Johns River. The area features a mix of historic homes and local businesses, reflecting its vibrant community heritage.
36. Dinsmore: Dinsmore is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its peaceful streets and neighborly atmosphere. It features a mix of single-family homes and local amenities, offering a residential feel within the city.
37. Garden City: Garden City is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its blend of houses and local businesses. It offers a close-knit community atmosphere with quick access to city amenities.
38. Grand Park: Grand Park is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its historic charm and varied community. It features shaded streets, local parks, and a variety of small businesses that contribute to its welcoming atmosphere.
39. Highlands: Highlands is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL known for its pleasant residential streets and local parks. It offers a combination of historic homes and modern amenities, creating a inviting community atmosphere.
40. Lake Forest: Lake Forest is a residential neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quiet streets and kid-friendly atmosphere. It features a mix of detached houses, parks, and local amenities, making it a attractive community for residents.
41. Paxon: Paxon is a residential neighborhood located in the western part of Jacksonville, Florida, known for its mixed community and budget-friendly housing. It features a mix of single-family homes and local businesses, contributing to its friendly, suburban atmosphere.
42. Ribault: Ribault is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its diverse community and homey feel. It features a mix of historic homes and local businesses, contributing to its unique cultural identity.
43. Sherwood Forest: Sherwood Forest is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its leafy streets and kid-friendly atmosphere. It features a blend of traditional and new homes, offering a quiet suburban feel close to city amenities.
44. Whitehouse: Whitehouse is a residential neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its calm streets and community-oriented atmosphere. It features a mix of single-family homes and local amenities, making it a well-liked area for families and professionals.
45. Cedar Hills: Cedar Hills is a vibrant neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its diverse community and convenient access to local amenities. It offers a blend of residential and commercial areas, enhancing its dynamic and inviting environment.
46. Grove Park: Grove Park is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its charming historic homes and tree-filled streets. It offers a tight-knit community atmosphere with quick access to downtown amenities and parks.
47. Holiday Hill: Holiday Hill is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quiet streets and tight-knit community. It offers convenient access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a attractive area for families.
48. Southwind Lakes: Southwind Lakes is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL known for its peaceful lakes and tidy community spaces. It offers a peaceful suburban atmosphere with easy access to local amenities and parks.
49. Secret Cove: Secret Cove is a serene waterfront neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its peaceful atmosphere and scenic views. It offers a mix of residential homes and natural landscapes, making it a popular spot for outdoor enthusiasts and families.
50. Englewood: Englewood is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its diverse community and strong cultural heritage. It offers a combination of residential areas, local businesses, and recreational spaces, making it a active part of the city.
51. St Nicholas: St. Nicholas is a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its charming early 20th-century architecture and energetic community atmosphere. It offers a combination of residential homes, local businesses, and cultural landmarks, making it a special and inviting area within the city.
52. San Jose: San Jose is a vibrant district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its housing areas and commercial areas. It offers a combination of suburban living with convenient access to parks, retail options, and dining.
53. Pickwick Park: Pickwick Park is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its tranquil streets and community-oriented atmosphere. It features a mix of detached houses and local amenities, making it a appealing area for families and professionals.
54. Lakewood: Lakewood is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL known for its historic charm and varied community. It features a combination of houses, local businesses, and parks, offering a inviting atmosphere for residents and visitors alike.
55. Galway: Galway is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its residential atmosphere and neighborly living. It features a combination of detached houses and local amenities, providing a peaceful and family-friendly environment.
56. Beauclerc: Beauclerc is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its peaceful streets and welcoming atmosphere. It offers a mix of single-family homes and local amenities, making it a popular choice for residents seeking a suburban atmosphere within the city.
57. Goodby's Creek: Goodby's Creek is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its peaceful atmosphere and proximity to natural surroundings. It offers a mix of suburban living with easy access to local amenities and parks.
58. Loretto: Loretto is a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quaint residential streets and close-knit community atmosphere. It features a combination of architectural styles and offers simple access to downtown Jacksonville and nearby parks.
59. Sheffield: Sheffield is a residing neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its quiet streets and friendly atmosphere. It features a blend of private residences and local parks, making it a favored area for families.
60. Sunbeam: Sunbeam is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its appealing residential streets and tight-knit community spirit. It offers a mix of historic homes and local businesses, creating a friendly atmosphere for residents and visitors alike.
61. Killarney Shores: Killarney Shores is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, Florida, famous for its quiet streets and close-knit community. It offers convenient access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, which makes it a appealing area for families.
62. Royal Lakes: Royal Lakes is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its serene environment and kid-friendly atmosphere. It features carefully maintained homes, local parks, and convenient access to nearby schools and shopping centers.
63. Craig Industrial Park: Craig Industrial Park is a business and industrial area in Jacksonville, FL, known for its mix of warehouses, manufacturing facilities, and logistics hubs. It serves as a important hub for local businesses and contributes significantly to the city's economy.
64. Eastport: Eastport is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its heritage charm and waterfront views. It offers a combination of residential areas, local businesses, and recreational spaces along the St. Johns River.
65. Yellow Bluff: Yellow Bluff is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its peaceful streets and friendly community. It offers a mix of residential homes and community amenities, providing a cozy living environment.
66. Normandy Village: Normandy Village is a living community in Jacksonville, FL, famous for its mid-20th-century homes and family-oriented setting. It features easy access to local parks, educational institutions, and shopping centers, making it popular among residents.
67. Argyle Forest: Argyle Forest represents a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its family-friendly atmosphere and easy access to shopping and educational institutions. It features a combination of single-family homes, parks, and recreational amenities, rendering it a favored choice for suburban living.
68. Cecil Commerce Center: Cecil Commerce Center is a extensive industrial & commercial district in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its advantageous location and broad transportation infrastructure. It serves as a hub for logistics, manufacturing, & distribution businesses, supporting the local economy.
69. Venetia: Venetia is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its quiet streets and family-friendly atmosphere. It offers close access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a popular area for families.
70. Ortega Forest: Ortega Forest is a charming neighborhood community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its vintage homes and green, tree-covered streets. It offers a tranquil suburban atmosphere while being quickly close to downtown Jacksonville.
71. Timuquana: Timuquana is a residential neighborhood located in Jacksonville FL, known for its peaceful streets and public parks. It offers a variety of detached houses and easy access to local facilities and schools.
72. San Jose Forest: San Jose Forest is a living neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its lush greenery and kid-friendly atmosphere. The area features a combination of single-family homes and local parks, offering a serene suburban environment.
73. E-Town: E-Town is a dynamic neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its varied community and heritage significance. It features a combination of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that contribute to its unique character.

• Air Conditioning Installation: Correct setup of cooling systems ensures efficient and agreeable indoor climates. This crucial process assures peak performance and durability of climate control units.
• Air Conditioner: ACs chill inside spaces by removing heat and humidity. Proper setup by qualified technicians guarantees efficient operation and optimal climate control.
• Hvac: Hvac systems control heat and air's condition. They are crucial for setting up environmental control solutions in buildings.
• Thermostat: The Thermostat is the control center for managing temperature in climate control systems. It signals the cooling unit to activate and deactivate, keeping the desired indoor environment.
• Refrigerant: Refrigerant is essential for temperature control systems, extracting heat to generate cool air. Proper management of refrigerants is critical during HVAC setup for effective and secure operation.
• Compressor: This Compressor is a vital component of the cooling system, pumping refrigerant. This process is essential for effective temperature control in climate control setups.
• Evaporator Coil: The Evaporator Coil absorbs heat from inside air, cooling it down. This part is critical for efficient climate control system installation in buildings.
• Condenser Coil: This Condenser Coil is an integral component in refrigeration systems, releasing heat outside. It aids the heat transfer needed for efficient indoor climate management.
• Ductwork: Ductwork is necessary for dispersing conditioned air throughout a building. Correct duct layout and arrangement are critical for successful climate management system placement.
• Ventilation: Effective Ventilation is essential for suitable airflow and indoor air quality. It plays a key role in assuring peak performance and efficiency of climate control systems.
• Heat Pump: Heat pumps transfer heat, offering both heating and cooling. They are essential parts in modern climate control system setups, providing energy-efficient temperature regulation.
• Split System: Split systems provide both heating and cooling through an indoor unit connected to an outdoor compressor. They provide a ductless solution for temperature regulation in specific rooms or areas.
• Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems cool whole homes from a sole, powerful unit. Correct installation of these systems is crucial for streamlined and effective home cooling.
• Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling effectiveness: higher Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates improved operation and lower energy consumption for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a good Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly lower long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
• Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressor adjust refrigeration output to match need, enhancing efficiency and convenience in HVAC systems. This accurate adjustment lowers power waste and maintains consistent temperatures in indoor environments.
• Compressor Maintenance: Maintaining compressors ensures efficient operation and longevity in cooling systems. Neglecting it can lead to costly repairs or system failures when setting up climate control.
• Air Filter: Air Filter trap dust and particles, ensuring pure airflow inside HVAC systems. This improves system performance and indoor air condition during climate control process.
• Installation Manual: The Installation Manual gives important guidance for appropriately setting up a cooling system. It assures correct steps are used for optimal performance and safety during the unit's setup.
• Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is vital for supplying power to and controlling the components of climate control systems. Suitable wiring ensures safe and efficient functioning of the cooling and heating units.
• Indoor Unit: Indoor Unit circulates conditioned air within a space. It's a key component for HVAC systems, guaranteeing suitable temp control in structures.
• Outdoor Unit: The Outdoor Unit contains the compressor and condenser, releasing heat outside. It's essential for a full climate control system installation, ensuring effective cooling inside.
• Maintenance: Regular care ensures effective performance and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents breakdowns and optimizes the performance of installed cooling systems.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is vital for reducing energy use and expenses when establishing new climate control systems. Emphasizing effective equipment and suitable setup minimizes environmental effect and increases long-term savings.
• Thermodynamics: Thermo explains how heat transfers and converts energy, vital for cooling system setup. Effective climate control creation relies on thermodynamic principles to optimize energy use during system placement.
• Building Codes: Building Codes assure correct and secure HVAC system installation in buildings. They control aspects such as energy performance and ventilation for climate control systems.
• Load Calculation: Load calculations figures out the heating and cooling demands of a space. It's essential for selecting suitably dimensioned HVAC units for effective environmental control.
• Mini Split: Mini Splits offer a no-duct approach to climate control, providing targeted heating and cooling. Their simple installation renders them suitable for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is unfeasible.
• Air Handler: An Air Handler circulates treated air throughout a building. It is a crucial component for correct climate control system installation.
• Insulation: Thermal protection is crucial for preserving efficient temperature control within a building. It reduces heat exchange, lessening the burden on cooling systems and improving climate control setups.
• Drainage System: Drainage systems clear condensate generated by cooling equipment. Adequate drainage avoids water damage and assures optimal operation of climate control setups.
• Filter: Filters are vital parts that remove contaminants from the air throughout the installation of climate control systems. This guarantees cleaner air flow and safeguards the system's internal parts.
• Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems regulate inside environment by controlling temperature, humidity, and air condition. Proper installation of these systems ensures efficient and productive refrigeration and environmental control inside buildings.
• Split System Air Conditioner: Split system air conditioners offer efficient cooling and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design eases the process of establishing climate control in homes and businesses.
• Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are skilled experts who specialize in the configuration of temperature regulation systems. They ensure proper functionality and efficiency of these systems for ideal indoor comfort.
• Indoor Air Quality: The quality of indoor air substantially affects comfort and health, so HVAC system installation should prioritize filtration and ventilation. Appropriate system planning and installation is vital for optimizing air quality.
• Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain removes water generated throughout the cooling operation, preventing harm and keeping system effectiveness. Correct drain assembly is crucial for effective climate control installation and extended performance.
• Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately regulate refrigerant volume to various zones, providing customized cooling and heating. The technology is vital for establishing effective and adaptable climate control in building setups.
• Building Automation System: Building automation systems coordinate and streamline the functioning of HVAC devices. This results in enhanced temperature regulation and energy efficiency in buildings.
• Air Conditioning: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems regulate indoor temperature and air quality. Proper setup of these systems is crucial for optimized and effective Air Conditioning.
• Temperature Control: Accurate temperature regulation is crucial for efficient climate control system installation. It guarantees optimal performance and comfort in new cooling systems.
• Thermistor: Temperature-sensitive resistors are thermistors used in weather control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data assists to regulate system performance, guaranteeing peak performance and energy efficiency in environmental control arrangements.
• Thermocouple: Thermocouples are temperature sensors vital for assuring proper HVAC system setup. They accurately gauge temperature, enabling precise adjustments and optimal climate control performance.
• Digital Thermostat: These devices precisely regulate temperature, optimizing HVAC system performance. They are crucial for establishing home climate control systems, ensuring efficient and comfortable environments.
• Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats optimize climate control systems by enabling customized temperature schedules. This results in enhanced energy efficiency and comfort in home cooling setups.
• Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostats optimize home climate control by understanding user desires and adjusting the temperature on their own. They play a vital role in modern HVAC system configurations, improving energy efficiency and convenience.
• Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, made up of two metals that have different expansion rates, bends in reaction to temperature changes. This characteristic is utilized in HVAC systems to operate thermostats and adjust heating or cooling processes.
• Capillary Tube Thermostat: A Capillary Tube Thermostat accurately regulates temperature in cooling systems through remote sensing. This component is vital for keeping desired climate control within buildings.
• Thermostatic Expansion Valve: The Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator, keeping optimal cooling. This component is critical for effective operation of refrigeration and air conditioning systems in buildings.
• Setpoint: Setpoint is the desired temperature a climate control system aims to achieve. It directs the system's operation during climate management setups to preserve preferred comfort levels.
• Temperature Sensor: Temperature Sensors are essential for regulating heating, air flow, and air conditioning systems by monitoring air temperature and guaranteeing efficient climate control. Their data helps optimize system performance during climate control setup and maintenance.
• Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop assists with controlling temperature throughout climate control system installation by continuously monitoring and modifying settings. This ensures optimal performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
• Control System: Control Systems govern heat, humidity, and airflow in environmental conditioning setups. These systems ensure ideal well-being and energy efficiency in climate-controlled environments.
• Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is reached when components reach the same temperature, crucial for effective climate control system installation. Proper balance ensures optimal performance and energy savings in placed cooling systems.
• Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials move heat, impacting the cooling system setup. Choosing materials with appropriate thermal properties guarantees peak performance of installed climate control systems.
• Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat transfer, making sure of efficient cooling by reducing the workload on climate control systems. This boosts energy efficiency and maintains consistent temperatures in buildings.
• On Off Control: On-Off Control keeps wanted temperatures by fully activating or deactivating cooling systems. This simple way is vital for regulating temperature within buildings during environmental control system setup .
• Pid Controller: PID Controllers accurately regulate temperature in HVAC units. This makes sure effective temperature regulation during building temperature setup and operation.
• Evaporator: The Evaporator takes in heat from inside a location, cooling the air. It's a critical component in climate control systems created for indoor comfort.
• Condenser: The Condenser unit is a vital component in cooling equipment, rejecting heat removed from the indoor space to the external environment. Its correct installation is crucial for effective climate control system placement and performance.
• Chlorofluorocarbon: CFCs have been once widely used refrigerants that facilitated refrigeration in many building systems. Their part has decreased due to environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
• Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbon are refrigerants commonly used in cooling systems for structures and cars. Their correct treatment is essential during the establishment of air conditioning systems to avoid environmental damage and assure effective operation.
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: HCFCs were once widely used refrigerants in climate control systems for buildings. Their phase-out has led to the adoption of more eco-friendly options for new HVAC setups.
• Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a given mass of greenhouse gas adds to global warming over a specified period relative to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with lower GWP is crucial when building climate control systems to lessen environmental effects.
• Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental dangers. Technicians servicing cooling systems must follow regulations to prevent further harm.
• Phase Change: Phase Changes of refrigerants are crucial for effectively moving heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles allow cooling by taking in heat indoors and expelling it outdoors.
• Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are key for efficient climate control system installation. Knowing conduction, convection, and radiation guarantees optimal system performance and energy savings during the process of installing home cooling.
• Refrigeration Cycle: The Refrigeration Cycle transfers heat, allowing cooling in climate-control systems. Correct setup and maintenance make sure of effective operation and long life of these refrigeration solutions.
• Environmental Protection Agency: EPA regulates refrigerants and establishes standards for HVAC system servicing to safeguard the ozone layer and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians working with refrigeration equipment must be certified to ensure proper refrigerant handling and stop environmental damage.
• Leak Detection: Leak Detection guarantees the integrity of refrigerant pipes after climate control system placement. Identifying and addressing leaks is vital for optimal function and environmental safety of newly installed climate control systems.
• Pressure Gauge: Pressure Gauge are essential tools for monitoring refrigerant levels during HVAC system installation. They ensure optimal performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within specified ranges for proper cooling operation.
• Expansion Valve: The Expansion Valve controls refrigerant flow in refrigeration systems, permitting efficient heat uptake. It's a vital component for maximum performance in environmental control setups.
• Cooling Capacity: Cooling Capacity determines how effectively a system can reduce the temperature of a room. Choosing the correct capacity is essential for peak performance in environmental control system placement.
• Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the procedure of taking out and storing refrigerants during HVAC system installations. Properly recovering refrigerants prevents environmental harm and ensures efficient new cooling equipment installations.
• Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling recovers and recycles refrigerants, reducing environmental effects. This process is vital when setting up climate control systems, guaranteeing proper disposal and avoiding ozone depletion.
• Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) offer crucial information on the safe handling and potential hazards of chemicals used in cooling system setup. Technicians rely on SDS data to defend themselves and avoid accidents during HVAC equipment placement and connection.
• Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids used in refrigeration systems to transfer heat. Their proper handling is essential for effective climate control setup and maintenance.
• Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is crucial for chilling buildings, allowing effective temperature control. It's a pivotal process in climate control system configuration, assisting the transfer of heat to provide comfortable indoor environments.
• Cooling Cycle: Cooling Cycle is the basic process of heat extraction, utilizing refrigerant to absorb and give off heat. This cycle is critical for efficient climate control system installation in buildings.
• Scroll Compressor: Scroll compressors effectively pressurize refrigerant for cooling systems. They are a critical component for effective temperature regulation in buildings.
• Reciprocating Compressor: Reciprocating Compressors are vital components that compress refrigerant in cooling systems. They facilitate heat exchange, enabling efficient climate regulation within structures.
• Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are critical parts that boost refrigerant stress in big climate management systems. They efficiently move refrigerant, allowing efficient refrigeration and heating across large areas.
• Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressors are a critical component in cooling systems, employing a spinning mechanism to compress refrigerant. Their efficiency and reduced size make them suitable for climate control setups in various applications.
• Compressor Motor: This Compressor Motor serves as the main force for the refrigeration process, moving refrigerant. It is crucial for proper climate control system installation and function in buildings.
• Compressor Oil: Compressor Oil lubricates and seals moving parts within a system's compressor, ensuring effective refrigerant pressurization for proper climate regulation. It is important to select the correct type of oil during system installation to guarantee longevity and optimal function of the cooling appliance.
• Pressure Switch: A Pressure Switch tracks refrigerant levels, ensuring the system works securely. It stops harm by turning off the cooling apparatus if pressure drops outside the acceptable spectrum.
• Compressor Relay: The Compressor Relay is an electrical device that controls the compressor motor in cooling systems. It guarantees the compressor begins and ceases correctly, allowing effective temperature control within climate control systems.
• Suction Line: A Suction Line, a critical component in cooling systems, transports refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Appropriate sizing and insulation of this line are vital for efficient system operation during climate control installation.
• Discharge Line: The discharge line transports hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper dimensioning and setup of the Discharge Line are critical for optimal cooling system setup.
• Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling capability of a system for indoor temperature control. Selecting the right size ensures efficient temperature control during climate control setup.
• Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the quantity of heat that must to be taken away from a area to maintain a preferred temperature. Accurate cooling load calculation is important for proper HVAC system installation and size.
• Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems function perfectly after they are setup. It's vital for keeping effective climate control systems put in place.
• Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling efficiency and can lead to equipment malfunction. Addressing these leaks is vital for correct climate control system configuration, ensuring peak operation and longevity.
• Seer Rating: SEER rating indicates an HVAC system's cooling performance, affecting long-term energy expenses. Higher SEER numbers mean increased energy conservation when setting up climate control.
• Hspf Rating: HSPF rating demonstrates the heating effectiveness of heat pumps. Increased ratings indicate better energy efficiency during climate control installation.
• Preventative Maintenance: Preventative Maintenance makes sure HVAC systems work efficiently and dependably after installation. Routine maintenance lessens breakdowns and increases the lifespan of HVAC systems.
• Airflow: Airflow assures efficient cooling and heating distribution across a building. Proper Airflow is essential for optimal performance and comfort in climate control systems.
• Electrical Components: Electrical Components are critical for powering and controlling systems that govern indoor climate. They guarantee proper functioning, safety, and effectiveness in heating and cooling systems.
• Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the method of adding the proper quantity of refrigerant to a cooling system. This ensures optimal operation and efficiency when installing climate control units.
• System Diagnosis: The System Diagnosis process detects potential problems prior to, while, and following HVAC system setup. It guarantees best performance and averts upcoming troubles in HVAC installations.
• Hvac System: Hvac System regulate heat, humidity, and air quality in structures. They are critical for establishing climate-control solutions in residential and business areas.
• Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless Air Conditioning offer targeted cooling and heating without large ductwork. They make easier temperature control installation in spaces lacking existing duct systems.
• Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are self-contained devices placed in panes to cool individual rooms. They offer a simple method for localized temperature regulation within a structure.
• Portable Air Conditioner: Portable Air Conditioner units provide a flexible cooling solution for spaces lacking central systems. They can also provide temporary temperature regulation during HVAC system installations.
• System Inspection: System check ensures correct installation of cooling systems by checking part condition and adherence to installation standards. This procedure guarantees effective operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control systems.
• Coil Cleaning: Coil Cleaning ensures effective heat transfer, vital for optimal system performance. This maintenance procedure is vital for correct installation of climate control systems.
• Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is critical for reinstating cooling ability in air conditioning units. It assures maximum operation and durability of recently installed environmental regulation units.
• Capacitor: These devices provide the needed energy boost to start and operate motors inside of climate control systems. Their proper function guarantees effective and dependable operation of the cooling unit.
• Contactor: A Contactor serves as an electrical switch which controls power to the outdoor unit's components. It enables the cooling system to activate when needed.
• Blower Motor: The Blower Motor moves air through the ductwork, allowing for effective heating and cooling delivery within a building. It is a vital component for indoor climate control systems, guaranteeing consistent temperature and airflow.
• Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the functionality of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must resolve this issue to guarantee efficient and reliable cooling operation.
• Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and fixes problems that arise during climate control system setup. Sound troubleshooting guarantees best system performance and prevents later problems during building cooling appliance fitting.
• Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reprocesses used refrigerants. This process is crucial for environmentally responsible HVAC system installation.
• Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
• Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances utilized in cooling systems. This shift requires using alternative refrigerants in new environmental control setups.
• Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse Gas trap heat, affecting the power efficiency and environmental footprint of weather control system setups. Choosing refrigerants with lower global warming potential is crucial for eco-friendly climate control implementation.
• Cfc: Chlorofluorocarbons were formerly critical refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. Their use has been phased out due to their damaging impact on the ozone layer.
• Hcfc: HCFCs were previously common refrigerants utilized in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. They facilitated the process of establishing climate control systems, but are now being discontinued due to their ozone-depleting properties.
• Hfc: HFCs are commonly used refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings. Their correct handling is critical during the installation of these systems to reduce environmental impact.
• Refrigerant Oil: Refrigerant oil lubricates the pump in cooling systems, ensuring seamless operation and longevity. It's essential for the proper operation of cooling setups.
• Phase-Out: Phase-out is about the progressive reduction of certain refrigerants with high global warming potential. This affects the selection and servicing of climate control systems in buildings.
• Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's potential to warm the planet if discharged. Lower GWP refrigerants are progressively favored in environmentally conscious HVAC system setups.
• Odp: Odp refrigerants hurt the ozone layer, influencing regulations for cooling system setup. Installers must utilize environmentally friendly alternatives during climate control equipment installation.
• Ashrae: Ashrae defines standards and guidelines for HVAC system setup. These standards guarantee effective and secure environmental control systems implementation in structures.
• Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems provide temperature and air quality control for indoor environments. They are essential for establishing cooling setups in buildings.
• Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lower cooling system effectiveness and can damage the environment. Correct procedures during climate control unit setup are crucial to avoid these leaks and guarantee optimal performance.
• Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can greatly influence choices about upgrading to a new temperature system. Unforeseen repair bills may prompt homeowners to put money in a complete home cooling setup for long-term savings.
• Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation involves setting up heating, ventilation, and cooling units. This is essential for allowing efficient climate control within structures.
• Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance ensures efficient operation and prolongs system lifespan. Appropriate upkeep is crucial for seamless climate control system installations.
• Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting pinpoints and resolves issues in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It guarantees peak operation during climate control unit setup and running.
• Zoning Systems: Zoning schemes split a building into separate areas for customized temperature regulation. This strategy enhances comfort and energy efficiency during HVAC configuration.
• Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are critical components for effective climate control systems. Their choice significantly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort uses.
• Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, determining how efficiently the system cools a space for a given energy input. Improving this efficiency directly impacts cooling system installation costs and long-term operational expenses.
• Compressor Overheating: Compressor Overheating can severely harm the device's core, resulting in system malfunction. Proper installation ensures sufficient air flow and refrigerant levels, preventing this problem in climate control system installations.
• Compressor Failure: Compressor Failure halts the refrigeration process, demanding expert service during climate control system installations. A defective compressor jeopardizes the entire system's performance and lifespan when incorporating it into a building.
• Overload Protector: An Overload Protector safeguards the compressor motor from getting too hot during climate control system installation. It stops damage by automatically shutting off power when too much current or temperature is detected.
• Fan Motor: Fan motors move air across evaporator and condenser coils, a critical process for effective climate control system installation. They aid heat exchange, ensuring peak cooling and heating performance within the designated space.
• Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are crucial parts that join the inside and outside units, moving refrigerant to help cooling. Their correct installation is vital for streamlined and productive climate control system installation.
• Condensing Unit: A Condensing Unit is the outside component in a cooling system. The unit removes heat from the refrigerant, allowing indoor temperature regulation.
• Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is critical for refrigeration systems to efficiently remove unwanted heat from a conditioned space. Proper Heat Rejection ensures optimal performance and longevity of climate control setups.
• System Efficiency: System Efficiency is crucial for reducing energy use and operational expenses. Optimizing performance during climate control configuration ensures long-term savings and environmental benefits.
• Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the reduction in fluid pressure as it moves through a system, impacting airflow in climate control setups. Properly controlling pressure decrease is essential for peak performance and effectiveness in environmental comfort systems.
• Subcooling: Subcooling process ensures optimal equipment performance by cooling the refrigerant under its condensing temperature. This process avoids flash gas, increasing cooling capacity and efficiency throughout HVAC equipment setup.
• Superheat: Superheat makes sure that just steam refrigerant enters the compressor, preventing damage. It's crucial to measure superheat during HVAC system setup to maximize cooling performance and efficiency.
• Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the quantity of refrigerant in a system, crucial for optimal cooling performance. Proper filling assures effective heat transfer and avoids damage during climate control setup.
• Corrosion: Corrosion degrades metallic elements, likely causing leakage and system failures. Protecting against Corrosion is critical for maintaining the efficiency and lifespan of climate control setups.
• Fins: Fins augment the surface area of coils, enhancing heat transfer effectiveness. This is essential for best performance in climate control system setups.
• Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is vital for refrigerant transport in air conditioning systems due to its durability and effective heat transfer. Its dependable connections ensure proper system function during setup of thermostat units.
• Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum Tubing is vital for transferring refrigerant in climate control systems. Their lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties render them perfect for linking internal and external units in HVAC setups.
• Repair Costs: Sudden repairs can greatly affect the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

4.9(1,687)

Air conditioning repair service·

Overview

Reviews

About

Directions

Save

Nearby

Send to phone

Share

Book online

8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

Open 24 hours

boldcityac.com

boldcityac.com

+1 904-379-1648

6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

Identifies as veteran-owned

Your Maps activity

Add a label

Suggest an edit

From the owner

That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

Popular times

Mondays

6a

9a

12p

3p

6p

9p

12a

3a

Photos & videos

All

Latest11 days ago

Videos

Inside

By owner

Street View & 360°

Add photos & videos

Questions and answers

Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

More questions

Ask the community

Review summary

4.9

1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

"They’ve been charging the service contract now the unit does not work."

Write a review

Reviews

Sort

All

company233

job98

call55

ducts51

+6

Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

New

DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

+4

Like

Share

Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

Like

Share

Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

Like

Share

Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

More reviews (1,684)

People also search for

Air McCall

4.9(1,471)

HVAC contractor

Indoor Quality Heating & Air

4.7(43)

HVAC contractor

Ball Air Conditioning, Inc.

4.6(62)

Air conditioning contractor

Hammond Heating & Air Conditioning

4.9(1,098)

HVAC contractor

Florida Home Air Conditioning

4.3(2,883)

Air conditioning repair service

Web results

About this data

Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

Schedule Now

Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

View Coupon

Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

---

At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

Clear Upfront Pricing

No Hidden Costs

High-Level Workmanship

Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

---

When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

• Keep Your Informed
• Target Your Goals

• Provide Honest Answers

Services

Cooling

Heating

Duct Cleaning

Maintenance

New System Installation

Number One For Heating & Cooling

---

Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

See What Our Customers Are Saying About Us!

---

Previous

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

---

When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

Contact Your Bold City Specialist Today

---

Are You a New Customer?*YesNoAre You a New Customer?*

Inquiry About*Residential InstallationResidential RepairPreventative MaintenanceDuct CleaningBlow-in Attic InsulationService AgreementsIndoor Air QualityOtherInquiry About*

Submit

Bold City Heating & Air ✔️

🏠

Current address

8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1,Jacksonville, FL 32256,United States

🔗

Website

https://boldcityac.com/

📞

Phone

+19043791648

✔️

Business status

Claimed

📍

Latitude/Longitude

30.217562,-81.578579

🔖

Categories

Air conditioning repair service

🌎

Place ID

ChIJNyAf-ffJ5YgRYOdPsLEKe30

📝

Knowledge Panel ID (KG ID)

/g/11g6n8dppf

➕

CID Number

9041832435159918432

🏢

Business Profile ID

1926681825581721738

Other GMB details

⭐

Review list display link

https://search.google.com/local/reviews?placeid=ChIJNyAf-ffJ5YgRYOdPsLEKe30

👍

Review request link

https://search.google.com/local/writereview?placeid=ChIJNyAf-ffJ5YgRYOdPsLEKe30

🧠

Knowledge Panel page link

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf

📘

GMB Post URL

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf&uact=5#lpstate=pid:-1

🙋

Ask question request URL

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf&uact=5#lpqa=a,,d,1

☝️

Questions and answers URL

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf&uact=5#lpqa=d,2

🛒

Products

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf#lpc=lpc

💁

Services

https://www.google.com/localservices/prolist?src=2&q=Bold%20City%20Heating%20%26%20Air%208400%20Baymeadows%20Way%20Suite%201%2CJacksonville%2C%20FL%2032256%2CUnited%20States

📇

Other GMB's at same address

https://www.google.com/maps/place/8400%20Baymeadows%20Way%20Suite%201%2CJacksonville%2C%20FL%2032256%2CUnited%20States

💻

GMB's with same website domain

https://www.google.com/search?q=%22boldcityac.com%22&tbm=lcl

⛓️

GMB link with Place ID

https://www.google.com/maps/place/?q=place_id:ChIJNyAf-ffJ5YgRYOdPsLEKe30

🏹

GMB link with CID

https://www.google.com/maps/place/?cid=9041832435159918432

External audit links

Below you will find links to external resources for additional information. These are external sites and is in no way related to GMB Everywhere.

SEO audit links

Website cache with Google

https://www.google.com/search?q=cache%3Aboldcityac.com

Website content indexed by Google

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aboldcityac.com

Website content indexed by Google last week

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aboldcityac.com&as_qdr=w

Website content indexed by Google last month

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aboldcityac.com&as_qdr=m

Website content indexed by Google in the last 6 months

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aboldcityac.com&as_qdr=m6

Analyze website traffic

https://app.neilpatel.com/en/traffic_analyzer/overview?domain=boldcityac.com

Analyze mobile friendliness

https://search.google.com/test/mobile-friendly?url=https%3A%2F%2Fboldcityac.com%2F

Website audit links

Google Page Speed score

https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fboldcityac.com%2F

Domain name lookup

https://whois.domaintools.com/boldcityac.com

Technology used on website

https://builtwith.com/boldcityac.com

Website schema(Structured data) analyzer

https://search.google.com/test/rich-results?url=https%3A%2F%2Fboldcityac.com%2F

Website audit

https://app.neilpatel.com/en/seo_analyzer/site_audit?domain=boldcityac.com

Website history

https://web.archive.org/web/*/boldcityac.com

Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Air Con". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
2. ^ Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. A. University Microfilms. 2005. p. 3600.
3. ^ 1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. ASHRAE. 1993. ISBN 978-0-910110-97-6.
4. ^ Enteria, Napoleon; Sawachi, Takao; Saito, Kiyoshi (January 31, 2023). Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems: Advances and Applications of VRF. Springer Nature. p. 46. ISBN 978-981-19-6833-4.
5. ^ Agencies, United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Dept of the Interior and Related (1988). Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989: Testimony of public witnesses, energy programs, Institute of Museum Services, National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 629.
6. ^ "Earth Tubes: Providing the freshest possible air to your building". Earth Rangers Centre for Sustainable Technology Showcase. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
7. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Barreca, Alan; Clay, Karen; Deschenes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael; Shapiro, Joseph S. (February 2016). "Adapting to Climate Change: The Remarkable Decline in the US Temperature-Mortality Relationship over the Twentieth Century". Journal of Political Economy. 124 (1): 105–159. doi:10.1086/684582.
8. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j} International Energy Agency (May 15, 2018). The Future of Cooling - Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
9. ^ Laub, Julian M. (1963). Air Conditioning & Heating Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-03-011225-6.
10. ^ "Air-conditioning found at 'oldest city in the world'". The Independent. June 24, 2000. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
11. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Mohamed, Mady A.A. (January 2010). Lehmann, S.; Waer, H.A.; Al-Qawasmi, J. (eds.). Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt. The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010). Amman, Jordan: The Center for the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press). pp. 247–266. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
12. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Ford, Brian (September 2001). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice". Architectural Research Quarterly. 5 (3): 271–280. doi:10.1017/S1359135501001312.
13. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Attia, Shady; Herde, André de (June 22–24, 2009). Designing the Malqaf for Summer Cooling in Low-Rise Housing, an Experimental Study. 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA2009). Quebec City. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021 – via ResearchGate.
14. ^ "Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools". US EPA. October 17, 2014. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
15. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Shachtman, Tom (1999). "Winter in Summer". Absolute zero and the conquest of cold. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0395938881. OCLC 421754998. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
16. ^ Porta, Giambattista Della (1584). Magiae naturalis (PDF). London. LCCN 09023451. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021. In our method I shall observe what our ancestors have said; then I shall show by my own experience, whether they be true or false
17. ^ Beck, Leonard D. (October 1974). "Things Magical in the collections of the Rare Book and Special Collections Division" (PDF). Library of Congress Quarterly Journal. 31: 208–234. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
18. ^ Laszlo, Pierre (2001). Salt: Grain of Life. Columbia University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0231121989. OCLC 785781471. Cornelius Drebbel air conditioning.
19. ^ Franklin, Benjamin (June 17, 1758). "The Montgomery Family: An historical and photographic perspective". Letter to John Lining. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
20. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d} Green, Amanda (January 1, 2015). "The Cool History of the Air Conditioner". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
21. ^ "John Gorrie". Encyclopædia Britannica. September 29, 2020. Archived from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
22. ^ Gorrie, John "Improved process for the artificial production of ice" U.S. Patent no. 8080 (Issued: May 6, 1851).
23. ^ Wright, E. Lynne (2009). It Happened in Florida: Remarkable Events That Shaped History. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0762761692.
24. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Bruce-Wallace, L. G. (1966). "Harrison, James (1816–1893)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 1. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
25. ^ Palermo, Elizabeth (May 1, 2014). "Who Invented Air Conditioning?". livescience.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
26. ^ Varrasi, John (June 6, 2011). "Global Cooling: The History of Air Conditioning". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
27. ^ Simha, R. V. (February 2012). "Willis H Carrier". Resonance. 17 (2): 117–138. doi:10.1007/s12045-012-0014-y. ISSN 0971-8044. S2CID 116582893.
28. ^ Gulledge III, Charles; Knight, Dennis (February 11, 2016). "Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, And Refrigerating Engineering". National Institute of Building Sciences. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021. Though he did not actually invent air-conditioning nor did he take the first documented scientific approach to applying it, Willis Carrier is credited with integrating the scientific method, engineering, and business of this developing technology and creating the industry we know today as air-conditioning.
29. ^ "Willis Carrier – 1876–1902". Carrier Global. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
30. ^ "Carrier Reports First Quarter 2020 Earnings". Carrier Global (Press release). May 8, 2020. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
31. ^ "Carrier Becomes Independent, Publicly Traded Company, Begins Trading on New York Stock Exchange". Carrier Global (Press release). April 3, 2020. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
32. ^ Cramer, Stuart W. "Humidifying and air conditioning apparatus" U.S. Patent no. 852,823 (filed: April 18, 1906; issued: May 7, 1907).
    • See also: Cramer, Stuart W. (1906) "Recent development in air conditioning" in: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention of the American Cotton Manufacturers Association Held at Asheville, North Carolina May 16–17, 1906. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA: Queen City Publishing Co. pp. 182-211.
33. ^ US patent US808897A, Carrier, Willis H., "Apparatus for treating air", published January 2, 1906, issued January 2, 1906 and Buffalo Forge Company"No. 808,897 Patented Jan. 2, 1906: H. W. Carrier: Apparatus for Treating Air" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
34. ^ "First Air-Conditioned Auto". Popular Science. Vol. 123, no. 5. November 1933. p. 30. ISSN 0161-7370. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
35. ^ "Room-size air conditioner fits under window sill". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 63, no. 6. June 1935. p. 885. ISSN 0032-4558. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
36. ^ "Michigan Fast Facts and Trivia". 50states.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
37. ^ US patent US2433960A, Sherman, Robert S., "Air conditioning apparatus", published January 6, 1948, issued January 6, 1948
38. ^ "IEEE milestones (39) Inverter Air Conditioners, 1980–1981" (PDF). March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
39. ^ "Inverter Air Conditioners, 1980–1981 IEEE Milestone Celebration Ceremony" (PDF). March 16, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
40. ^ Seale, Avrel (August 7, 2023). "Texas alumnus and his alma mater central to air-conditioned homes". UT News. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
41. ^ "Air Conditioned Village". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
42. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Davis, Lucas; Gertler, Paul; Jarvis, Stephen; Wolfram, Catherine (July 2021). "Air conditioning and global inequality". Global Environmental Change. 69: 102299. Bibcode:2021GEC....6902299D. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102299.
43. ^ Pierre-Louis, Kendra (May 15, 2018). "The World Wants Air-Conditioning. That Could Warm the World". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
44. ^ Carroll, Rory (October 26, 2015). "How America became addicted to air conditioning". The Guardian. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
45. ^ Lester, Paul (July 20, 2015). "History of Air Conditioning". United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
46. ^ Cornish, Cheryl; Cooper, Stephen; Jenkins, Salima. Characteristics of New Housing (Report). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
47. ^ "Central Air Conditioning Buying Guide". Consumer Reports. March 3, 2021. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
48. ^ Petchers, Neil (2003). Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook: Technologies & Applications : an Integrated Approach to Energy Resource Optimization. The Fairmont Press. p. 737. ISBN 978-0-88173-433-1.
49. ^ Krarti, Moncef (December 1, 2020). Energy Audit of Building Systems: An Engineering Approach, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 370. ISBN 978-1-000-25967-4.
50. ^ "What is a Reversing Valve". Samsung India. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
51. ^ "Humidity and Comfort" (PDF). DriSteem. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
52. ^ Perryman, Oliver (April 19, 2021). "Dehumidifier vs Air Conditioning". Dehumidifier Critic. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
53. ^ Snijders, Aart L. (July 30, 2008). "Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) Technology Development and Major Applications in Europe" (PDF). Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Arnhem: IFTech International. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
54. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} "Cold Climate Air Source Heat Pump" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Commerce, Division of Energy Resources. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
55. ^ "Even in Frigid Temperatures, Air-Source Heat Pumps Keep Homes Warm From Alaska Coast to U.S. Mass Market". nrel.gov. Archived from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
56. ^ "Heat Pumps: A Practical Solution for Cold Climates". RMI. December 10, 2020. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
57. ^ "TEM Instruction Sheet" (PDF). TE Technology. March 14, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
58. ^ "Coefficient of Performance (COP) heat pumps". Grundfos. November 18, 2020. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
59. ^ "Unpotted HP-199-1.4-0.8 at a hot-side temperature of 25 °C" (PDF). TE Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
60. ^ Newell, David B.; Tiesinga, Eite, eds. (August 2019). The International System of Units (SI) (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.330-2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
61. ^ ANSI/AHRI 210/240-2008: 2008 Standard for Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning & Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment (PDF). Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute. 2012. Archived from the original on March 29, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
62. ^ Baraniuk, Chris. "Cutting-Edge Technology Could Massively Reduce the Amount of Energy Used for Air Conditioning". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
63. ^ "M-Series Contractor Guide" (PDF). Mitsubishipro.com. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
64. ^ "エアコンの歴史とヒミツ | 調べよう家電と省エネ | キッズ版 省エネ家電 de スマートライフ（一般財団法人 家電製品協会） 学ぼう！スマートライフ". shouene-kaden.net. Archived from the original on September 7, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
65. ^ "Air conditioner | History". Toshiba Carrier. April 2016. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
66. ^ "1920s–1970s | History". Mitsubishi Electric. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
67. ^ Wagner, Gerry (November 30, 2021). "The Duct Free Zone: History of the Mini Split". HPAC Magazine. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
68. ^ "History of Daikin Innovation". Daikin. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
69. ^ Feit, Justin (December 20, 2017). "The Emergence of VRF as a Viable HVAC Option". buildings.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
70. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} "Central Air Conditioning". United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
71. ^ Kreith, Frank; Wang, Shan K.; Norton, Paul (April 20, 2018). Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-46783-4.
72. ^ Wang, Shan K. (November 7, 2000). Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-068167-5.
73. ^ Hleborodova, Veronika (August 14, 2018). "Portable Vs Split System Air Conditioning | Pros & Cons". Canstar Blue. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
74. ^ Kamins, Toni L. (July 15, 2013). "Through-the-Wall Versus PTAC Air Conditioners: A Guide for New Yorkers". Brick Underground. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
75. ^ "Self-Contained Air Conditioning Systems". Daikin Applied Americas. 2015. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
76. ^ "LSWU/LSWD Vertical Water-Cooled Self-Contained Unit Engineering Guide" (PDF). Johnson Controls. April 6, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
77. ^ "Packaged Rooftop Unit" (PDF). Carrier Global. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
78. ^ "Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioners" (PDF). Trane Technologies. November 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
79. ^ "What is Packaged Air Conditioner? Types of Packged Air Condtioners". Bright Hub Engineering. January 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
80. ^ Evans, Paul (November 11, 2018). "RTU Rooftop Units explained". The Engineering Mindset. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
81. ^ "water-cooled – Johnson Supply". studylib.net. 2000. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
82. ^ "Water Cooled Packaged Air Conditioners" (PDF). Japan: Daikin. May 2, 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
83. ^ "Water Cooled Packaged Unit" (PDF). Daikin. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
84. ^ Lun, Y. H. Venus; Tung, S. L. Dennis (November 13, 2019). Heat Pumps for Sustainable Heating and Cooling. Springer Nature. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-030-31387-6.
85. ^ Ghanbariannaeeni, Ali; Ghazanfarihashemi, Ghazalehsadat (June 2012). "Bypass Method For Recip Compressor Capacity Control". Pipeline and Gas Journal. 239 (6). Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
86. ^ "Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia)". Harvard Health. January 2, 2019. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
87. ^ "Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics". National Weather Service. 2021. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
88. ^ "Extreme Weather: A Guide to Surviving Flash Floods, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Heat Waves, Snowstorms Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters". Reference Reviews. 26 (8): 41. October 19, 2012. doi:10.1108/09504121211278322. ISSN 0950-4125. Archived from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
89. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Gamarro, Harold; Ortiz, Luis; González, Jorge E. (August 1, 2020). "Adapting to Extreme Heat: Social, Atmospheric, and Infrastructure Impacts of Air-Conditioning in Megacities—The Case of New York City". Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities. 1 (3). doi:10.1115/1.4048175. ISSN 2642-6641. S2CID 222121944.
90. ^ Spiegelman, Jay; Friedman, Herman; Blumstein, George I. (September 1, 1963). "The effects of central air conditioning on pollen, mold, and bacterial concentrations". Journal of Allergy. 34 (5): 426–431. doi:10.1016/0021-8707(63)90007-8. ISSN 0021-8707. PMID 14066385.
91. ^ Portnoy, Jay M.; Jara, David (February 1, 2015). "Mold allergy revisited". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 114 (2): 83–89. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2014.10.004. ISSN 1081-1206. PMID 25624128.
92. ^ "Subpart 4-1 – Cooling Towers". New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. June 7, 2016. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
93. ^ Nordhaus, William D. (February 10, 2010). "Geography and macroeconomics: New data and new findings". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (10): 3510–3517. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509842103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1363683. PMID 16473945.
94. ^ Barreca, Alan; Deschenes, Olivier; Guldi, Melanie (2018). "Maybe next month? Temperature shocks and dynamic adjustments in birth rates". Demography. 55 (4): 1269–1293. doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0690-7. PMC 7457515. PMID 29968058.
95. ^ Glaeser, Edward L.; Tobio, Kristina (January 2008). "The Rise of the Sunbelt". Southern Economic Journal. 74 (3): 609–643. doi:10.1002/j.2325-8012.2008.tb00856.x.
96. ^ Sherman, Peter; Lin, Haiyang; McElroy, Michael (2018). "Projected global demand for air conditioning associated with extreme heat and implications for electricity grids in poorer countries". Energy and Buildings. 268: 112198. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112198. ISSN 0378-7788. S2CID 248979815.
97. ^ Air Filters Used in Air Conditioning and General Ventilation Part 1: Methods of Test for Atmospheric Dust Spot Efficiency and Synthetic Dust Weight Arrestance (Withdrawn Standard). British Standards Institution. March 29, 1985. BS 6540-1:1985.
98. ^ Mutschler, Robin; Rüdisüli, Martin; Heer, Philipp; Eggimann, Sven (April 15, 2021). "Benchmarking cooling and heating energy demands considering climate change, population growth and cooling device uptake". Applied Energy. 288: 116636. Bibcode:2021ApEn..28816636M. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116636. ISSN 0306-2619.
99. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} "Climate-friendly cooling could cut years of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and save US$ trillions: UN". Climate Change and Law Collection. doi:10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2020-0252-0973.
100. ^ Gerretsen, Isabelle (December 8, 2020). "How your fridge is heating up the planet". BBC Future. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
101. ^ Encyclopedia of Energy: Ph-S. Elsevier. 2004. ISBN 978-0121764821.
102. ^ Corberan, J.M. (2016). "New trends and developments in ground-source heat pumps". Advances in Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems. pp. 359–385. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100311-4.00013-3. ISBN 978-0-08-100311-4.
103. ^ Roselli, Carlo; Sasso, Maurizio (2021). Geothermal Energy Utilization and Technologies 2020. MDPI. ISBN 978-3036507040.
104. ^ "Cooling Emissions and Policy Synthesis Report: Benefits of cooling efficiency and the Kigali Amendment, United Nations Environment Programme - International Energy Agency, 2020" (PDF).
105. ^ Harlan, Sharon L.; Declet-Barreto, Juan H.; Stefanov, William L.; Petitti, Diana B. (February 2013). "Neighborhood Effects on Heat Deaths: Social and Environmental Predictors of Vulnerability in Maricopa County, Arizona". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (2): 197–204. Bibcode:2013EnvHP.121..197H. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104625. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 3569676. PMID 23164621.
106. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Chan, Emily Ying Yang; Goggins, William B; Kim, Jacqueline Jakyoung; Griffiths, Sian M (April 2012). "A study of intracity variation of temperature-related mortality and socioeconomic status among the Chinese population in Hong Kong". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 66 (4): 322–327. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.085167. ISSN 0143-005X. PMC 3292716. PMID 20974839.
107. ^ Ng, Chris Fook Sheng; Ueda, Kayo; Takeuchi, Ayano; Nitta, Hiroshi; Konishi, Shoko; Bagrowicz, Rinako; Watanabe, Chiho; Takami, Akinori (2014). "Sociogeographic Variation in the Effects of Heat and Cold on Daily Mortality in Japan". Journal of Epidemiology. 24 (1): 15–24. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20130051. PMC 3872520. PMID 24317342.
108. ^ Stafoggia, Massimo; Forastiere, Francesco; Agostini, Daniele; Biggeri, Annibale; Bisanti, Luigi; Cadum, Ennio; Caranci, Nicola; de'Donato, Francesca; De Lisio, Sara; De Maria, Moreno; Michelozzi, Paola; Miglio, Rossella; Pandolfi, Paolo; Picciotto, Sally; Rognoni, Magda (2006). "Vulnerability to Heat-Related Mortality: A Multicity, Population-Based, Case-Crossover Analysis". Epidemiology. 17 (3): 315–323. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000208477.36665.34. ISSN 1044-3983. JSTOR 20486220. PMID 16570026. S2CID 20283342.
109. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d} Gronlund, Carina J. (September 2014). "Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Heat-Related Health Effects and Their Mechanisms: a Review". Current Epidemiology Reports. 1 (3): 165–173. doi:10.1007/s40471-014-0014-4. PMC 4264980. PMID 25512891.
110. ^ O'Neill, M. S. (May 11, 2005). "Disparities by Race in Heat-Related Mortality in Four US Cities: The Role of Air Conditioning Prevalence". Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 82 (2): 191–197. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti043. PMC 3456567. PMID 15888640.
111. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Sampson, Natalie R.; Gronlund, Carina J.; Buxton, Miatta A.; Catalano, Linda; White-Newsome, Jalonne L.; Conlon, Kathryn C.; O’Neill, Marie S.; McCormick, Sabrina; Parker, Edith A. (April 1, 2013). "Staying cool in a changing climate: Reaching vulnerable populations during heat events". Global Environmental Change. 23 (2): 475–484. Bibcode:2013GEC....23..475S. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.011. ISSN 0959-3780. PMC 5784212. PMID 29375195.
112. ^ Niktash, Amirreza; Huynh, B. Phuoc (July 2–4, 2014). Simulation and Analysis of Ventilation Flow Through a Room Caused by a Two-sided Windcatcher Using a LES Method (PDF). World Congress on Engineering. Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science. Vol. 2. London. eISSN 2078-0966. ISBN 978-9881925350. ISSN 2078-0958. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
113. ^ Zhang, Chen; Kazanci, Ongun Berk; Levinson, Ronnen; Heiselberg, Per; Olesen, Bjarne W.; Chiesa, Giacomo; Sodagar, Behzad; Ai, Zhengtao; Selkowitz, Stephen; Zinzi, Michele; Mahdavi, Ardeshir (November 15, 2021). "Resilient cooling strategies – A critical review and qualitative assessment". Energy and Buildings. 251: 111312. Bibcode:2021EneBu.25111312Z. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111312. hdl:2117/363031. ISSN 0378-7788.
114. ^ Linden, P. F. (1999). "The Fluid Mechanics of Natural Ventilation". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 31: 201–238. Bibcode:1999AnRFM..31..201L. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.31.1.201.
115. ^ Santamouris, M.; Asimakoupolos, D. (1996). Passive cooling of buildings (1st ed.). London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 978-1-873936-47-4.
116. ^ Leo Samuel, D.G.; Shiva Nagendra, S.M.; Maiya, M.P. (August 2013). "Passive alternatives to mechanical air conditioning of building: A review". Building and Environment. 66: 54–64. Bibcode:2013BuEnv..66...54S. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.04.016.
117. ^ M.j, Limb (January 1, 1998). "BIB 08: An Annotated Bibliography: Passive Cooling Technology for Office Buildings in Hot Dry and Temperate Climates".
118. ^ Niles, Philip; Kenneth, Haggard (1980). Passive Solar Handbook. California Energy Resources Conservation. ASIN B001UYRTMM.
119. ^ "Cooling: The hidden threat for climate change and sustainable goals". phys.org. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
120. ^ Ford, Brian (September 2001). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice". Arq: Architectural Research Quarterly. 5 (3): 271–280. doi:10.1017/S1359135501001312. ISSN 1474-0516. S2CID 110209529.
121. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022). "Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications". EcoMat. 4. doi:10.1002/eom2.12153. S2CID 240331557. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming.
122. ^ Raman, Aaswath P.; Anoma, Marc Abou; Zhu, Linxiao; Rephaeli, Eden; Fan, Shanhui (November 2014). "Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight". Nature. 515 (7528): 540–544. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..540R. doi:10.1038/nature13883. PMID 25428501.
123. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Bijarniya, Jay Prakash; Sarkar, Jahar; Maiti, Pralay (November 2020). "Review on passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, recent researches, challenges and opportunities". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 133: 110263. Bibcode:2020RSERv.13310263B. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110263. S2CID 224874019.
124. ^ Mokhtari, Reza; Ulpiani, Giulia; Ghasempour, Roghayeh (July 2022). "The Cooling Station: Combining hydronic radiant cooling and daytime radiative cooling for urban shelters". Applied Thermal Engineering. 211: 118493. Bibcode:2022AppTE.21118493M. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118493.
125. ^ Yang, Yuan; Zhang, Yifan (July 2020). "Passive daytime radiative cooling: Principle, application, and economic analysis". MRS Energy & Sustainability. 7 (1). doi:10.1557/mre.2020.18.
126. ^ Miranda, Nicole D.; Renaldi, Renaldi; Khosla, Radhika; McCulloch, Malcolm D. (October 2021). "Bibliometric analysis and landscape of actors in passive cooling research". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 149: 111406. Bibcode:2021RSERv.14911406M. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111406.
127. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling (1991). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521058032. OCLC 468144152.
128. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2002). Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities (2nd ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1931956024. OCLC 961899663. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
129. ^ Nagengast, Bernard (February 1999). "Comfort from a Block of Ice: A History of Comfort Cooling Using Ice" (PDF). ASHRAE Journal. 41 (2): 49. ISSN 0001-2491. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
130. ^ Bahadori, Mehdi N. (February 1978). "Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture". Scientific American. 238 (2): 144–154. Bibcode:1978SciAm.238b.144B. doi:10.1038/SCIENTIFICAMERICAN0278-144.
131. ^ Smith, Shane (2000). Greenhouse Gardener's Companion: Growing Food and Flowers in Your Greenhouse Or Sunspace. Illustrated by Marjorie C. Leggitt (illustrated, revised ed.). Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 978-1555914509. OCLC 905564174. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2020.

Aircon Repair Near Me